Causes of increasing gas prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Causes of increasing gas prices - Essay Example What is causing this rise in prices of gas? Is it merely supply and demand issues, or are there other factors that are influencing the rise in gas prices? This paper has the general aim of being informative of the causes of the rise in gas prices. However, within this general aim, the paper has a specific purpose in trying to uncover that the rise in gas prices is not merely caused by supply and demand issues. Gas prices in the USA are linked to international oil prices, as the cost of oil constitutes 70% of the cost of a gallon of gasoline. Cost of oil has risen. Brent oil prices are a measure of the prices of prevailing in the oil markets. Brent oil has risen by approximately 52 cents over the last two months, reflecting a rise in price of gas by 47cents per gallon in the USA. Four factors are believed to be involved in the recent rise in gas prices. These four factors are rise in demand for oil, inability of oil production to match the rising demand for oil, political turbulence in the Middle-East, and speculation in oil (Hargreaves, 1). The United Nations outlook for oil markets in 2010 demonstrates the reasons for an expected rise in demand for oil. The forecast indicated that there would be a rise in demand for oil to the tune of about 1.5%, raising demand for oil to 85.7 million barrels per day. Two factors would drive this rise in demand for oil. The main driver for rise in oil prices would be growing demand for oil from the emerging nations, like China and India, and the secondary driving force would be the slow emergence from recession of the developed world (United Nations, 63). The rise in demand for oil in 2012 however, was not as large as expected. The International Energy Association has estimated that the demand for oil in 2012 will be 200,000 barrels per day less than the earlier forecasted estimate of 90 million barrels per day. The reason for this

Worlds Ayurveda Tourism Essay Example for Free

Worlds Ayurveda Tourism Essay Ayurveda, considered to be the oldest system of medicine in the world, had its origin in India about five thousand years ago. A holistic method of healing using remedies offered by nature, Ayurveda which when followed can restore, rejuvenate and revitalize body, mind and soul. Mention of Ayurveda can be found in the Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavat Gitaand other ancient texts of wisdom. Of the four Vedas, namely Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Adharva Veda, Ayurveda is said to be the Upaveda or the sub branch of Adharva Veda. The word Ayurveda is made up of two Sanskrit words: Ayu which means ‘life’ and Veda which means ‘the knowledge of’. According to Charaka, ayu consists of four essential parts- mind, body, senses and the soul. In short, Ayurveda is the knowledge of life. Ayurveda is said to have been created by Lord Brahma (the Creator of the Universe and one of the Trimurthis) himself and handed down to mankind through Gods and great sages who possessed extensive knowledge and extraordinary insight. Initially, this knowledge was taught and learnt orally and it was much later that it was documented in palm leaves and thaliolas. As the thirst for knowledge grew, extensive research and observations were made and Ayurveda developed swiftly. Two schools of Ayurveda emerged, namely the School of Medicine and the School of Surgery. With this amazing progress, India saw some of the greatest minds in history such as Charaka, sometimes referred to as the father of anatomy and Susrutha, the father of plastic surgery. Ayurveda is more than just a medical system. It is based on India’s culture and a profound philosophy which gives instructions for attaining health, both physically as well as spiritually and also discovering our unknown potential by following optimal lifestyle regimes. It is also a discipline  which tells us the proper way to do the simplest of day-to-day activities such as breathing, drinking, eating, working, exercising and even thinking. Ayurveda helps to maintain health in a person by using the inherent principles of nature. In essence Ayurveda has been in existence since the beginning of time because we have always been governed by nature’s laws. Ayurveda, the ancient Science of life, is believed to be the knowledge handed down from the Gods themselves. It was developed into what it is today by great sages and rishis of vast wisdom and knowledge. A lot of research followed with physicians studying the anatomy of the human body by dissection, examining the various conditions of patients as well as investigating the cause and cure for every malady. Consequently Ayurveda developed and the interest in this phenomenal way of healing grew exponentially. Ayurveda soon emerged into two- the school of medicine and the school of surgery. The school of medicine was propounded by the physician Charaka and of surgery by Susrutha. Susrutha who lived in the 6th century BC is considered to be the father of modern surgery. He is credited to be the author of ‘Susrutha Samhitha’, a treatise covering all aspects of Ayurveda and which is referred to by physicians even now. Evidence shows that Susrutha possessed deep and thorough knowledge of the functioning of the human body and complicated surgical procedures. He understood the causes behind ailments such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity etc. He is also known to have performed cataract surgeries, plastic surgeries and so on. Famed to be the ‘Father of Anatomy’, Charaka authored the Ayurvedic treatise Charaka Samhitha covering various aspects of physiology, embryology, pathology and etiology. He was well acquainted with the principles of anatomy, metabolism, immunity, genetics and so on. It was as per his scheme  that Ayurveda was divided into eight branches. Vaghbata, who is supposed to have lived in the 7th century AD, wrote the treatises named Ashtanga Sangraha and Ashtanga Hridaya Samhitha. Ashtanga Hridaya combined the teachings of Charaka and Susrutha and revised it with up-to-date observations in herbology, surgery and treatment methods. The three texts, Susrutha Samhitha, Charaka Samhitha and Ashtanga Sangraha, are considered to be the oldest texts in Ayurveda and which laid the foundation of medicine. The next notable contributor to Ayurveda is Madhavacharya who specialized in the diagnosis of diseases and came up with the book ‘Madhava Nidana’ in the 12th century. Sharangadhara, in the 14th century, became well-known as the authority on pharmacology and as the author of ‘Sharangadhara Samhitha’. Considered to be among the best physicians in the 16th century, Bhavamishra combined his learning and observations in the book ‘Bhava Prakasha’. These three books are regarded as the Laghu Traya or Junior Triad of Ayurveda classics. The benefits of Ayurveda are many: * The Ayurvedic approach to an illness is holistic and therefore after an Ayurvedic treatment a person will find an improvement in their physical, mental and psychological conditions. * The ingredients used in Ayurvedic medicines are mostly derived from herbs, plants, flowers, fruits etc. making it a remedy close to nature. * There are practically no side effects for Ayurvedic medicine. * Ayurveda has been found to be an effective cure for many chronic diseases. * An Ayurveda treatment can bring about wellness to the entire body and will be in effect for a longer time than Allopathic treatment. * Ayurveda not only helps in treating diseases but also in preventing the occurrence of diseases. * Ayurveda gives guidelines on how to keep away diseases by means of simple dietary and lifestyle changes. * Ayurvedic medicines are good even for healthy people since they are restorative in nature and helps in nourishing the body  and enhancing mental ability. * Ayurvedic treatment and medicines are comparatively cheaper than other systems of medicine. * Ayurveda recommends readily available herbs and spices for minor ailments. * Ayurvedic therapies can give relief from stress and rejuvenating the body. * Principles of Ayurveda Ayurveda Philosophy * Ayurveda, the Upaveda of Adharva Veda, is one of the most ancient and unique healing systems in the world. It is based on an innate philosophy explained in detail in the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavat Gita and other religious texts. The four main objectives of human life are Dharm (Duty), Arth (Wealth), Kaam (Desire) and Moksha (Salvation). Moksha, or the liberation from the cycle of births and rebirths is the ultimate goal of an individual. For attaining Moksha, one needs a sound body and mind, plus the instinct to preserve his health. It naturally paved way to a well-framed medical system in India. As per the principles of Ayurveda, every human being is a microcosm of the universe, that is, a universe within the universe. Everything in this universe is connected. Ayurveda advocates that the relationship and interaction between energy and matter, individual and consciousness determine the health of a person. Vaidya or physician is a bridge between the microcosm and macrocosm. In fact he is the dynamic system controller keeping the two complementary systems in equipoise. This concept of Man as an Epitome of universe is the hallmark of entire Ayurvedic philosophy. Cosmogony The origin of universe is explained in Indian philosophy by the concept of Mahabhutas. According to this concept every living and non-living being in this universe comprises five eternal elements called Pancha Mahabhuthas. In Ayurveda, contemplating beyond this concept is not the job of a physician or researcher. Concept of the Mahabhutas or the five aspects of the  Universe.

cloning enigma :: essays research papers

Year 2004: A father goes to a hospital and enters the room of a genetic engineer. â€Å" Sir I want to have a child.† Doctor, â€Å"What gender?† â€Å" A boy, blue eyes, blonde hair, fair skin , good height and intelligence equivalent to Einstein’s.† Doctor,† Sorry sir, no Einstiens, no Aristotles, Government isn’t allowing any more. You know the student councils have been shouting their heads off, cause the Sommerfield Wave equation has been changed so often.† Brace yourselves fellow human beings, for the onslaught of technology in the ensuing years. Owing to the rapid progress being made in genetics, you and I might be declared a rare species in the years to come. ‘Designer Babies’ will be the order of the day. Alas! The first human clone being bred in American Laboratories will not grow into a human being like us mortals! But it possesses a replication of our Genetic Code. The cells will continue to multiply like in any of us but unlike us they would be on a laboratory’s culture discs. The basic purpose behind this million dollar Genome Project is to create healthy cells free from any diseases and use them to cure ailing people. I personally feel that this entire project is a wonderful step towards eradicating lethal like AIDS and cancer. However, many people view this achievement in a negative manner by blaming the doctors for ‘playing God’. They believe that creating an artificial human clone is a direct revolt against nature’s equilibrium. However, it must not be forgotten that God has assigned man the role of serving humanity in any way possible. And, I view this human clone as a promising solution to many problems. Another conservative view is; the technology available today is not advanced enough to ensure that the clone develops steadily into a disease free source of cells. The cloned sheep, Dolly developing symptoms of arthritis at a young age, has specially proved this. Nevertheless, one must be aware of the fact that it is a trial and error process which will gradually lead to more reliable

Reservation System

Introduction Many systems used an automation process like using computer system, due to effiency and accuracy. Hotel Reservation is a transaction processing system,In this system there are more advantages rather tha a manual Hotel Reservation. The Cattleya Garden Villas started without any plan at all. The owner, Ms. Imelda S. Torres has only a free vacant lot and shejust want to make it productive. She got the idea from her friends and relatives in United States where they are coming over here in the Philippines for a vacation, but they’re house is too small for them so they decided to build a villa to have privacy, take a rest and feel the comfort like they’re in the other country. Another reason is that it is much more of the accessibility wherein the place is located only in Guagua, so visitors in town or the balikbayans can go in this place right away. The mission of the Cattleya Garden Villas is to be able to give a place to the Balikbayans where they can stay longer and feel relax with the ambiance of the garden villa that is not offered with the other hotels. The vision of Cattleya Garden Villas is to give a quality and comfort of the rooms, courteous services, and friendly atmosphere and great service to the customers where they can be proud of. They have a Standard Room for 2 persons only and a 4 rooms, a Villa has 2 rooms for 4 persons and they are building a barkada room 8 persons they have also a Function Hall for any events like wedding, debut, baptism, birthday etc. and if they want to have food catering they will provide for it. The rooms are completely furnished and it is centralized, they have dining table, comfort room, kitchen where you customers can surely rest and it has a free breakfast and it has a Wi-Fi zone. The procedure of the current system of Cattleya Garden Villas is manually getting the information from t he clients or customers; they entertain reservations through phone calls, the payment is 50% deposit and the other half is paid on the day of the event thru cash or credit card. Statement of the Problem The proposed Website and Online Reservation System for Cattleya Garden Villas aims to answer the following problems. General Problem The study aims to develop a â€Å"Website and Online Reservation System for Cattleya Garden Villas † that will provide more advantages and reliability for the user and make it more efficient and secure. Specific Problem How will the researchers manage and secure the guests information, sales report, and customers payments? How will the proponents search and retrieve files for reservation like room information and other amenities? How will the proponents improve the existing billing system to make it more responsive to customer’s need? How will the proponents handle the inconviences brought about by the manual process of accepting customers reservation? Objective of the Study This study aims to solve the problems encountered and to improve the current reservation system. General Objective The study intends to develop a â€Å"Website and Online Reservation System for Cattleya Garden Villas † that will provide faster, efficient and responsive for the user. Specific Objective To limit the number of the users that can operate the proposed system with username and password. To provide a Quick Summary Reports shows the details about total sales figure of the month. To provide a system that will automatically compute for the reservations accounts of the guests. To develop a system that will easily search and retrieve files like room information and amenities. To provide a billing statement that can print the customer’s transactions. Reservation System COMPUTERIZED RESERVATION SYSTEM (RACE TO 3 BILLIARD BAR AND RESTAURANT) II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of the study is to develop the existing system to computerized reservation system. And also to know what is more effective system for reserving services in the company such as Food reserving, Tables and chairs reserving, and Function room reserving, between proposed computerized reservation system and exist manual system. The objective of the study is the assertion statement of the problem with the general objectives and specific objectives desired outcome of the research process.General Objective The general objective of the study is to develop the existing system to proposed computerize reservation system in able to help customers of reserving foods, tables, and function to the company. As well as to help the manufacturer to manage all the records of the company. Specific Objective These are the following objectives that the researcher would like to achieve. * To analyze the proposed computerized reservation system and exist manual system. * To identify the weakness of the two system. To identify the uses of the proposed system. * To be able to make the process of reserving services get easier. * To be able to lessen time consumed in manual system. III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The existing system of the restaurant has not so develop to use, that’s why we proposed computerized system for the different reservations of restaurant bar, RACE TO 3 BILLIARD BAR AND RESTAURANT, to be able to build up the function of the restaurant among all the customers. But the purpose of the roposed system is to answer the following questions: 1. What will be the benefits of the proposed system compare to the existing system? 2. What are the purposes of the proposed system for the company? 3. How to use the proposed system in able to develop the existing system. 4. Would it affect the investment or the funds of the restaurant if the proposed system is implemente d? 5. What are the advantages of the proposed system? 6. What are the disadvantages of the proposed system? 7. How the proposed system flows?

The schematization of aesthetics was founded in Ancient times

The schematization of aesthetics was founded in Ancient times, which is manifested in Plato and Aristotle’s philosophies. Plato stance on aesthetic is very negative because it can distract the innate nature of soul. But his pessimism on aesthetics specifically of arts in general is best represented in his conjecture that an art â€Å"is thrice removed from reality†. Aristotle, on the other hand, has positive note on aesthetics because he sees art as representation of Forms or of truth. From these two ancient philosophers, the debate and conceptualization of aesthetics has transformed greatly in different periods. Friedrich Nietzsche posits that aesthetics is a means of preservation, meaning, beauty for him is encapsulated in terms of life prolongation. Leo Tolstoy postulated that aesthetics is based on peasant artistry because these workers understand the beauty of life. The complexities of aesthetics have metamorphosized throughout the progression of different civilizations and epochs of philosophy. In line with this, contemporary aestheticians like Jun'ichiro Tanizaki and Susanne K. Langer joined the bandwagon to advance aesthetics epistemic views. And these contemporary philosophers agreed on one point, that aesthetics or the valuation of beauty, as well as, its intricacies, nuances and elements, is greatly influenced by geographic positioning. This assertion was deduced from the fact that in every period novel idea on aesthetics sprouted wherein this period shaped new debates on the topic at hand. In summation, each period in philosophy supplemented new keys on the development of philosophy. In Tanizaki’s In Praise of Shadows, he juxtaposed Oriental aestheticism to Western aestheticism wherein he highlighted the significance of going back to the remnants of the past because it served as the defining moment of every stance on arts. He argued that one must embrace his own aesthetics even if it is tarnished and old because it is the precursor of one’s culture and tradition, and therefore, any concept of beauty from foreign culture must be disregarded altogether since it can eradicate the innate nature of one’s aesthetics. This is very prominent in the character of Tanizaki because when he was just a budding novelist he appreciated Western aestheticism, which has influenced his writing during those times, until he realized that he must represent Japanese concept of arts and beauty through literature. Tanizaki conjectured that the key note in Japanese concept of beauty is founded on the ideas of shadow. The architectural blueprint of traditional Japanese highly embodies shadows manifested through the quiet and murky interiors, which emanates a nostalgic atmosphere due to the independent existence and presence of shadows.   Tanizaki reinforced his idea of shadow in the articulateness of beauty in the form of polished tableware, temple toilets, kimonos, and Japanese stage, which are highly affected by the intensity of its dark spectrum. In lieu to this, Tanizaki pointed out that if light was applied on Japanese aesthetics all of its essence will diminish because light is the attribute of Western aestheticism, and likewise will happen if darkness was incorporated to Western arts. His basis on the above mentioned arguments is embedded on his credence on the delineation of Western culture and Japanese culture. According to Tanizaki, Western citizens in ancient times give importance to gold because it emanates unspeakable beauty when candlelight reflects it. On the other hand, Japanese people vehemently dislike light because it exposes the imperfection of their own white skin. According to Thomas J. Harper (translator of In Praise of Shadows), Tanizaki distinguish Japanese aestheticism based on shadows because it shows an unfathomable yet beautiful reverence and somberness, which is lacking in the magnificently lit arts of the West. Like Tanizaki, Langer also believed that one’s perception of aesthetics is dependent of his geographic positioning. At the first chapter of her book entitled Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art, she defined philosophy as â€Å"characterized more by the formulation of its problems than by its solutions of them†[1], which implies that each groups or societies see things in different perspectives and in their perception of things, they have their own understanding of what they see and have their own questions about it. Therefore, when it comes to beauty or aesthetics definitive schema, each society has the authority to posit their own stance about it, and mostly their stance is deeply rooted in culture and tradition. Tanizaki’s key of aesthetics is logically plausible in Langer’s philosophy since she espoused a relativistic means of understanding the nature of things and the contingency of the universe, in context with aesthetics. But Langer has her own philosophic inclination on beauty, wherein her key is discourse and representation. For Langer, aesthetics expresses the emotive form of arts through symbols and logic. But it must be noted that she saw that the main problem in expressing aesthetic is the means of expressing it. According to her, music possesses a degree of mood or emotion towards the meaning of life wherein it represents a form of epistemic valuation and truth. This music that embodies a certain feeling of purely perceptible matters can be expressed in innumerable manners, but the musician has to figure out which manner because wrong choice of manner will annihilate the content of its emotion and its purity. In toto, Langer saw philosophy as perpetually progressing, as well as aesthetics, because different epochs have either discovered or created a new key to elucidate the universe. She purported that the fecundity of new keys in the philosophical realm will always exists because human understanding is innately transformational. Unlike most philosophers like Bertrand Russell who argued that novel ideas in philosophy is impossible because what is left to humanity is to recycle old philosophies, Langer believed that the pasts has influenced on our present cogito but it does not necessarily follow that it will shape the present landscape of philosophizing. The point is that man’s rationality is not fixed; therefore present and future generation can discover or create a new motif of intellectual intercourse, which will eventually define the philosophy of their period. Tanizaki and Langer’s philosophies on aesthetics are significant because of its willingness and openness to the possibility of new keys, in terms of new perspectives and theories. It broadens the horizon of philosophical enterprise since new schemes and conceptualizations are doomed to realization. The only danger on their stance on the concept of â€Å"new keys† is that it jeopardized the universality of things, specifically of aesthetics or beauty. Their postulate that aesthetics valuation is based on geographic positioning or dependent of one’s social constructs breathes relativism, meaning, every perspective on aesthetic is sound and valid, or to put it simply â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder†. And worse, the innateness of aesthetics seems impossible to be exposed because of diverse perceptions on it. REFERENCE: Langer, Susanne K. Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art 3rd edition ed: Harvard University Press, 1957. Tanizaki, Junichiro. In Praise of Shadows. Trans. Charles Moore, Edward G. Seidensticker and Thomas J. Harper: Leetes Island Books 1980. [1] Langer, Susanne. Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art.   Harvard University Press, 1957 p.4.

10 Sociology Essay Topics Great Ideas to Produce an Essay about Outsourcing and Global Remote Employment

10 Sociology Essay Topics Great Ideas to Produce an Essay about Outsourcing and Global Remote Employment In order to accurately provide the facts that you can use in developing today’s topic, it is important that a brief discussion of two concepts included in the topic heading should be had. The two concepts- 5-paragraph essays and outsourcing- are novel concepts to most students who are used to writing simple composition essays and anyone who has not yet entered the crowded job market. 5-paragraph essays are prose compositions that follow the prescribed format consisting of an introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs and a concluding paragraph. Using this particular format, body paragraphs are written in such a way that the first sentence states a fact or introduces an idea while the preceding sentences provide more information about the introductory sentence. Outsourcing is slowly but surely becoming the working process with a global appeal. It can be described as the global practice of obtaining goods or services from an outside supplier. We would like you to also note that this article is the first in a series consisting of three articles written to provide you with directions on how to write on outsourcing and global remote employment. So please ensure that you check the other article that provides 20 5-paragraph essay topics on outsourcing and global remote employment. 10 facts on outsourcing and global remote employment: Outsourcing helps manufacturers meet deadlines. Statistics show that the average manufacturer outsources a large percentage of its finished product in order to meet set manufacturing deadlines. In 2013, studies on outsourcing proved that approximately 70% of all finished products produced in the developed world were outsourced and 90% of companies who outsource claims it helps them beat deadlines as it provides enterprises with more time to focus on other business processes. Outsourcing forms a huge part of the GDP in the developing world. Outsourcing has become a major source of GDP growth in the developing world. The outsourcing global market is estimated to generate approximately $507 billion dollars on a yearly basis and that number is still set to grow. On the other hand, electronics manufacturing makes up $381 billion and 80% of outsourced jobs are done predominantly in Asia and parts of Eastern Europe. Outsourcing is cost effective and saves enterprises money. A reduction in production cost has been identified as the major reason companies outsource jobs. A survey conducted on the IT and business industry showed that 87% of companies chose to outsource certain jobs to save cost. Breaking down this percentage, the survey showed that 30% of outsourcers believe it was cost effective, 55% believe it was somewhat effective while 15% saw outsourcing as ineffective. Freelancers gain a lot from outsourcing. The freelancing industry is a major gainer from outsourced jobs and the industry presently accounts for approximately $2billion of outsourced jobs. There are wage disparities though; the average freelancer in the United States earns approximately $23.32 per hour while the average freelancer in Asia and Africa earns approximately $2 per hour. Outsourcing is an important part of the IT industry. Outsourcing is more prevalent in the IT sector than any other industry vertical. Statistics show that the IT sector currently makes up more than 60% of the total outsourcing market. The banking sector on the other hand outsources approximately 40% of its activities while 54% of companies- cutting across IT, banking, Insurance etc.- outsource their customer service requirements overseas. Legal tasks are also widely outsourced. Although IT outsourcing is more predominant, legal work is also being outsourced to English speaking countries from the developing world. A study found that approximately 67% of employers outsource sensitive legal opinions or jobs to foreigners. Globalization has also played its part and 65% of employers now outsource legal counsel while 56% of legal research is currently been outsourced to other regions. Not surprising, India and the Philippines play a stellar role as the major recipient of outsourced legal work. Sales and marketing jobs are the least likely to be outsourced. Strategic planning functions are some of the jobs most companies say they are unlikely to outsource and sales/marketing tasks fall under this category. Statistics show that approximately 89% of enterprises do not plan to outsource strategic planning functions, and 80% say sales and marketing tasks are too region sensitive to be outsourced. India leads the way in receiving outsourced jobs. Studies show that India is currently the country that receives the bulk of jobs outsourced from the western world and statistics are provided to support this claim. 59% of companies worldwide outsource jobs to India while an additional 22% plan to move jobs to India in the near future. India also leads in the number of outsourced IT jobs it receives with 65% of all IT jobs being outsourced going to IT firms in India. China is the favorite destination for outsourced manufacturing jobs. China currently comes second to India in the number of jobs currently outsourced to it. Approximately 36% of all outsourced jobs go to China and a large percentage of it consists of manufacturing jobs. In 2015, statistics showed that between 2002 and 2014, approximately 3.2 million US jobs were moved to China and 2.4 million of these jobs were from the manufacturing sector. Outsourcing is seen in a negative light in the western world. In the US, outsourcing has received some criticism and is being blamed for the mass job loss that had occurred during the 2007 financial recession. A study had shown that approximately 86% of the US workers feel that sending jobs overseas negatively affects the US economy. Here we come to the end of the 10 interesting facts that you can make use of when writing a custom essay on outsourcing and global remote employment. As stated earlier, you can take some inspiration by checking out the 20 topics provided for students writing on this topic as well as read the last article which provides a writer’s guide for 5-Paragraph essay on outsourcing and global remote employment for your reading and learning pleasure. References: Lee, H. and Sim, S. (2015). Global Outsourcing and Wage Inequality in Middle-Income Countries: Evidence from South Korea. Global Economic Review, 45(1), pp.19-41. Zhang, T. (2011). International Outsourcing and Unemployment in a Minimum-wage Economy. Review of International Economics, 19(4), pp.776-786. Grossman, G. Helpman, E. (2002). Outsourcing in a Global Economy. Cambridge, MA.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Lees, A. Ashtok, A. (2010). Made in India: Are you Ready for Outsourced Contract Manufacturing?. Journal of Commercial Biotechnology, 16(3), pp.258-265. Aydinliyim, T. Vairaktarakis, G. (2010). Coordination of Outsourced Operations to Minimize Weighted Flow Time and Capacity Booking Costs. Manufacturing Service Operations Management, 12(2), pp.236-255. Kirkegaard, J. (2012). Offshoring, Outsourcing, and Production Relocation Labor-Market Effects in the OECD Countries and Developing Asia.

Lifespan Development and Personality Essays

Lifespan Development and Personality Essays Lifespan Development and Personality Essay Lifespan Development and Personality Essay Lifespan Development and Personality By Denise Isaac Carroll Lytch Psych 103 April 28, 2010 Developmental psychology seeks to address various aspects of human development, including physical, cognitive, social, moral, and personality development. In developmental psychology the debate about nature versus nurture, continuity versus stages, and stability versus change are still ongoing. According to the nature position, human behavior and development are governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signals in a process known as maturation. Humans crawl before we walk and walk before we run. One of several critical periods during our lifetime is, when an organism is especially sensitive to certain experiences that shape the capacity for future development. On the other side of the debate, those who hold an extreme nuturist position argue that development occurs by learning through personal experience and observation of others. Continuity proponents believe that development is continuous, with new abilities, skills, and knowledge being gradually added at a relatively uniform pace. Therefore, the continuity model suggests that adult thinking and intelligence differ quantitatively from a childs. Stage theorists, on the other hand, believe that development occurs at different rates, alternating between periods of little change and periods of abrupt, rapid change. Psychologists who emphasize stability in development hold that measurements of personality taken during childhood are important predictors of adult personality. Of course, psychologists who emphasize change disagree. Like the nature versus nurture debate, the debates about continuity versus stages and stability versus change are not a matter of â€Å"either-or. Physical development and motor skills, for example, are believed to be primarily continuous in nature, whereas cognitive skills usually develop in discrete stages. Similarly, some traits are stable, whereas others vary greatly across the life span. The physical development in childhood is rapid, the brain and other parts of the nervous system grows faster than any other part of the body. By age 6, the child’s brain is 9/10 its full adult weight. Rapid brain growth during early childhood slows down in later childhood. Further brain development and learning occur primarily because neurons grow in size and because the number of axons and dendrites, as well as the extent of their connections, increases. Adolescence is the loosely defined psychological period of development between childhood and adulthood. We consider it to be the teenage years. The concept of adolescence and its meaning varies greatly across cultures. Cognitive development for childhood age 2 – 7 is known as preoperational and has the ability for significant language and thinks symbolically. Piaget labeled this period â€Å"preoperational† because the child lacks operations, or reversible mental processes. Children at this stage have difficulty understanding that there are points of view other than their own. Egocentrism refers to the preoperational childs limited ability to distinguish between his or her own perspective and someone elses. It does not mean â€Å"selfishness† in the ordinary sense of the word. The preschooler who moves in front of you to get a better view of the TV or repeatedly asks questions while you are talking on the telephone is demonstrating egocentrism. They assume that others see, hear, feel, and think exactly as they do. Children in the preoperational stage believe that objects such as the sun, trees, clouds, and bars of soap have motives, feelings, and intentions. From age 7 – 11 it is known as concrete operational and has the ability to perform operation on concrete objects and understands conservation. Because they understand the concept of reversibility, they recognize that certain physical attributes such as volume remain unchanged when the outward appearance of an object is altered, a process known as conservation. The final stage in Piagets theory is the formal operational stage, which typically begins around age 11. In this stage, children begin to apply their operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects. They also become capable of hypothetical thinking â€Å"What if? † which allows systematic formulation and testing of concepts. Along with the benefits of this cognitive style come several problems. Adolescents in the early stages of the formal operational period demonstrate a type of egocentrism different from that of the preoperational child. Although adolescents recognize that others have unique thoughts and perspectives, they often fail to differentiate between what they are thinking and what others are thinking. Social behavior becomes more evident in childhood, and research shows that children raised in impersonal surroundings such as in institutions that do not provide the stimulation and love of a regular caregiver or under abusive conditions suffer from a number of problems. They become rigid when picked up; and they have few language skills. They also tend to form shallow or anxious relationships. Some appear forlorn, withdrawn, and uninterested in their caretakers, whereas others seem insatiable in their need for affection. They also tend to show intellectual, physical, and perceptual retardation; increased susceptibility to infection; and neurotic â€Å"rocking† and isolation behaviors. In some cases, they die from lack of attachment. Morals at the childhood stage are considered to be a focus on self-interest, obedience to authority and avoidance of punishment. Because they also have difficulty considering anothers point of view, they ignore peoples intentions in their moral judgments. Children in their childhood also become aware of others perspectives, but their morality is based on reciprocity, an equal exchange of favors. Preschoolers learn to initiate activities and enjoy their accomplishments. Caregivers who are supportive and encouraging promote feelings of power and self-confidence versus guilt. Elementary school-aged children develop a sense of industry and learn productive skills that their culture requires, such as reading, writing, and counting; if not, they feel inferior. Personality describes you as a person, how you are different from other people, and what patterns of behavior are typical of you. There are five basic personality traits. These five major dimensions of personality are often dubbed the Big Five. To remember the five factors is to note that the first letters of each of the five-factor model spell the word ocean. O  Ã‚  | Openness. People who rate high in this factor are original, imaginative, curious, open to new ideas, artistic, and interested in cultural pursuits. Low scorers tend to be conventional, down-to-earth, narrower in their interests, and not artistic. Interestingly, critical thinkers tend to score higher than others on this factor (Clifford, Boufal, Kurtz, 12. 18). | | C  Ã‚  | Conscientiousness. This factor ranges from responsible, self-disciplined, organized, and achieving at the high end to irresponsible, careless, impulsive, lazy, and undependable at the other. | | E  Ã‚  | Extroversion. This factor contrasts people who are sociable, outgoing, talkative, fun loving, and affectionate at the high end with introverted individuals who tend to be withdrawn, quiet, passive, and reserved at the low end. | A  Ã‚  | Agreeableness. Individuals who score high in this factor are good-natured, warm, gentle, cooperative, trusting, and helpful, whereas low scorers are irritable, argumentative, ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative, and vindictive. | | N  Ã‚  | Neuroticism (or emotional stability). People who score high in neuroticism are emotionally unstable and prone to insecurity, anxiety, guilt, worry, and moodiness. People at the other end are emotionally stable, calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relax. | The five-factor model is the first to achieve the major goal of trait theory, to describe and organize personality characteristics using the fewest number of traits. Critics argue, however, that the great variation seen in personalities cannot be accounted for by only five traits and that the Big Five model fails to offer causal explanations for these traits. Finally, trait theorists have been criticized for ignoring the importance of situational and environmental effects on personality. Numerous methods have been used over the decades to assess personality. Modern personality assessments are used by clinical and counseling psychologists, psychiatrists, and others for diagnosing psychotherapy patients and for assessing their progress in therapy. Personality assessment is also used for educational and vocational counseling and to aid businesses in making hiring decisions. Personality assessments can be grouped into a few broad categories: interviews, observations, objective tests, and projective tests. Objective personality tests, or inventories, are the most widely used method of assessing personality, for two reasons. They can be administered to a large number of people relatively quickly and the tests can be evaluated in a standardized fashion. Unlike objective tests, projective tests use unstructured stimuli that can be perceived in many ways. As the name implies, projective tests supposedly allow each person to project his or her own unconscious conflicts, psychological defenses, motives, and personality traits onto the test materials. Because respondents are unable or unwilling to express their true feelings if asked directly, the ambiguous stimuli reportedly provide an indirect â€Å"psychological X-ray† of important unconscious processes. As you can see, each of these methods has its limits. Psychologists typically combine the results from various methods to create a full picture of an individuals personality. After all the tests and all the studies, are mind, body and soul will always be one step away from being a mystery. References http://e-courses. cerritos. edu writerscafe. org brainmass. com runet. edu