Tibetan Medicine Essay -- Tibet Treatment History Illness Papers

Tibetan MedicineTibetan medicine, developed over the course of over champion thousand years in the isolated mountainous terrain of Tibet and preserved despite Chinas decimation of Tibetan customs, views healing in a much different way than Western physicians. Tibetan medicine emphasizes science, faith, perception, spirituality, karma, and philosophy, whereas Western medicine is based almost entirely on science. In the West, religion and spirituality are believed to have absolutely nothing to do with healing and medical practice. Without looking at Tibetan medicine in depth, the Westerner could easily dismiss Tibetan medicine as superstitious and pseudoscientific however, Tibetan Medicine is often very successful at treating illness, and Tibetan physicians can often cure the root of the problem, rather than merely performing a quick fix to a localized part of the body as in the West. Tibetan doctors do not recommend simply popping a pill. Instead, they see illness as a manifestatio n of the bodys imbalance and seek to correct this imbalance. In order to cure a disease, behavior, lifestyle, and ones individual humoral constitution (the three humors and the way in which they function in the body will be fully explained later) are solely very important. In order to gain a fuller understanding of the Tibetan approach, as well as appreciate why it has remained so foreigner to Westerners despite its lengthy existence, one must consider the Tibetan and Western medical customs dutys simultaneously. One is also inclined to consider if aspects or methods of diagnoses from the Tibetan tradition could be incorporated into Western medicine since each form of practice has own benefits Western medicine has highly sophisticated technology and the... ...he Source, 131.8 John Avedon, In Exile from the Land of Snows, 156.9 Vaidya Dash, Tibetan Medicine, 86.10 Vaidya Dash, Tibetan Medicine, 87.11 Vaidya Dash, Tibetan Medicine, 89.12 Dr. Yeshi Dhonden. Health Through Balanc e. (Ithaca, NY Snow Lion Publications, 1986), 142. 13 Dr. Dhoden, Health Through Balance, 148.14 Dr. Dhonden, Healing from the Source, 129.15 Christopher Hansard, The Tibetan Art of Living, (New York Atria Books, 2001), 191. 16 Christopher Hansard, The Tibetan Art of Living, 193.17 Christopher Hansard, The Tibetan Art of Living, 193.18 Dr. Dhonden, Health Through Balance, 185.19 Dr. Dhonden, Health Through Balance, 216.20 Dr. Dhonden, Healing from the Source, 187.21 Dr. Dhonden, Healing from the Source, 187.22 John Avedon, In Exile from the Land of Snows, 155.

Symbolic Analysis of Alice Walkers Everyday Use Essay -- Alice Walker

Symbolic Analysis of Alice Walkers Everyday Use Alice Walker?s ?Everyday Uses (For Your Grand return)? is a story about a woman?s struggle with the past and her inability and unwillingness to accept the future. The three main characters in the story are Dee, her younger sister Maggie, and their get under ones skin. The story is narrated by the mother in an almost reminiscent manner, and it is on her that the focus of the story centers. Her eldest daughter, Dee, is the first in her family to get hitched with modernization and to attempt to improve her modality of life. Dee?s view of the world and her feelings about developing her ingest sovereign identity are foreign to Maggie and her mother. The mother has lived her whole life in a manner that Dee simply does not wish to live hers. The mother shows some recognition of this as the story opens and she describes her own life and childhood and compares those of her two girls. The daughters, then, represent to their mother oppos ing forces in regards to socioeconomic and educational standards of living. Throughout her recollection of the story, the girls? mother learns to accept and even calculate the fact that she and Maggie are resigned to living the only way they have ever known, while Dee has chosen to abandon that legacy and sees it only as a way of life to be honored, not lived. The author?s decision to narrate the story from a first-person point of view allows the reader to gain insight into the mother?s struggle that wouldn?t have been available otherwise. Throughout the beginning of the story, the mother describes both her views of herself and of her daughters. She sees Dee as being superior to both she and Maggie. Dee always gets what she wants, whether it be through her family... ...ally important in life. Dee will always want more. She will never experience the pure joy that Maggie and her mother now share in the knowledge that they may not be the richest or the brightest or the best looking folks, but they are satisfied with what they have. Before she leaves, Dee makes and assertion that is at least partly accurate. She tells Maggie that ?it?s really a new day for us?. She is correct. It is indeed a new day, but not for Dee and Maggie. They have already asleep(p) their separate ways. Instead, it is a new day for Maggie and her mother. They now share a love and understanding that they had not known prior to these events. They?ve found an everyday purpose for their grandmother by forming a bond of love that will hold their family and their heritage together for another generation, not unlike their grandmother was able to do with the pieces of a quilt.

pollock Essay -- essays research papers

For centuries artist along with society have placed an emphasis on meaning in a piece of art. Art has always consisted of field of study matters, motifs and other pre-concieved ideas or thoughts about what one should use as their focal point in a work of art. The very definition of art though, is an sympathetic or attractive object created through any of the fine arts. Nowhere does it say that a work of art must have a ingress point. Not until the advent of abstract expressionism was the idea of painting from the unconscious,1 brought into the art scene.This movement typically saw artist rapidly slinging, slapping and dripping paint onto voluminous canvases with no emphasis on subject matters but rather spontaneity. Jackson Pollock who has been deemed the greatest american lynx was one of the pioneers of this artistic movement. Pollock, the first painter to pour paint on the canvas with brushes instead of using brush strokes to apply it, circled his canvases which were placed a cross the floor, controlling the flow of the paint in a very rythmic matter.The project which I have created was based upon the stylistic nature of Jackson Pollocks work. The freedom of this form of abstract...

A Comparison of the Sword in Beowulf and in Other Anglo-Saxon Poems :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Sword in Beowulf and in Other Anglo-Saxon Poems Is the sword mentioned only in Beowulf or is it a common element in all Anglo-Saxon poetry? Is the sword described the same way as in Beowulf? In Beowulf and Archaeology Catherine M. Hills states The most important weapon referred to in Beowulf is the sword (305). In the poem lines 1557 ff. tell the poets description of the sword Beowulf finds in the mere Then he saw among the armor a victory-bright make made by the giants, an uncracking edge, an honor for its bearer, the best of weapons, but longer and heavier than any other man could have ever carried in the play of war-strokes, ornamented, burnished, the work of giants. attending is now focused on the sword-hilt he grabbed the belted hilt (1563). In the next line is mentioned h recollectmael or ring ornamented/ring-patterned as refering to the sword Beowulf found. This might refer to ring swords found in Kentish graves of the sixth century and Scandinavian graves of the seventh century (Cramp 125-6). Line 1616 uses broden-mael, wavy-ornamented/wavy-patterned in reference to the sword which has melted because of the ogres blood. Whether the translator sees these adjectives as referring to the hilt or to the blade does not matter, archaeologically speaking, because circular and interlacing patterns are found on both blades and hilts throughout the Anglo-Saxon period. These wavey or ring patterns occur from the twistng or weaving of the bands of hard and soft iron. Lines 1687 ff. describes the Grendel sword hilt Hrothgar spoke, examined the hilt, great treasure of old. There was engraved the origin of past strife, when the flood drowned, the effusive ocean killed the race of giants. Terribly they suffered, were a people strange to eternal God their final payment the ruler sent them by the rushing waters. On its bright gold facings there were also runes set down in order, engraved, inlaid, which told for whom the sword was first worked, its hair-keen edges, twisted gold scrolled in the hilt, the woven snake-blade. Regarding the runes on the sword hilt, G. Stephens in his Handbook of Runic Monuments maintains that the only Anglo-Saxon runic inscription on a sword hilt is on the Gilton sword, and that it is unintelligible (Cramp 128).

Benefits of Multi-Level Watershed Management :: Watershed Management Essays

Benefits of Multi-Level Watershed Management Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have played a significant image in establishing grassroots regularitys of environmental protection while incorporating citizen involvement. The most prevalent types of NGOs in the United States atomic number 18 ones that rally public picture and advocate legislative and/or social change. Among these are the various Public Interest Groups (PIRGs), the Sierra Club, the Environmental Defense Fund, and Greenpeace. Public education and involvement are seminal components to the success of these organizations. Hence, the application of NGOs to other issues readiness prove successful in advocating and implementing change while bettering the community that they inhabit. Such is the carapace with the relatively newly established watershed management associations in New jersey. These organizations employ grassroots tactics to increase community education and establish stronger environmenta l protection. Thus I assert that inter-municipal (and inter-state as we will see later) watershed management, through the use of non-governmental organization, has the ability to have a profound impact on how natural resources are managed and subsequently on how an area is developed. This is extremely valuable to a state like New Jersey, where uncoordinated development has led to a sprawling landscape causing fragmentation of natural features and severe depletion of water quality. Furthermore, in the large bureaucratic system of development that dominates New Jersey, this NGO method of watershed management is a qualitative and creative way to promote democracy, public education, and public participation. To examine how watershed management associations can improve environmental superintendence and consequently development patterns, one must first examine the existing landscape pattern on physical and political scales. New Jersey is composed of 566 municipalities, each functioning pseudo-independently from one another. These municipalities, each with home-rule authority to make decisions and policies concerning development without regard of their potential negative effects on neighboring towns, (Shutkin 2000) manufacture an atmosphere of competition and discordance. This unproductive circumstance is a product of human invention. For it is multiple ownership or administration within watersheds that present some major(ip) challenges for watershed management policy and planning (Satterlund and Adams 1992). Municipal boundaries do not account for broader natural boundaries. While it is true that a municipal boundary might coincide with a stream or ridge, municipalities generally overlook broader, more important delineations like watersheds.

Benefits of Multi-Level Watershed Management :: Watershed Management Essays

Benefits of Multi-Level Watershed Management Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have played a significant role in establishing basic methods of environmental protection while incorporating citizen involvement. The most prevalent types of NGOs in the United States are ones that rally public opinion and advocate legislative and/or social change. Among these are the various Public Interest Groups (PIRGs), the Sierra Club, the Environmental Defense Fund, and Greenpeace. Public education and involvement are seminal components to the achiever of these organizations. Hence, the application of NGOs to other issues might prove successful in advocating and implementing change while bettering the community that they inhabit. Such is the case with the relatively new established watershed vigilance associations in New Jersey. These organizations employ grassroots tactics to increase community education and establish stronger environmental protection. Thus I assert that i nter-municipal (and inter-state as we will see later) watershed heed, through the use of non-governmental organization, has the ability to have a profound impact on how natural resources are managed and subsequently on how an area is developed. This is extremely valuable to a state like New Jersey, where uncoordinated development has led to a sprawling beautify causing fragmentation of natural features and severe depletion of water quality. Furthermore, in the large bureaucratic system of development that dominates New Jersey, this NGO method of watershed management is a qualitative and creative way to promote democracy, public education, and public participation. To examine how watershed management associations can improve environmental superintendence and hence development patterns, one must first examine the existing landscape pattern on physical and political scales. New Jersey is composed of 566 municipalities, for each one functioning pseudo-independently fro m one another. These municipalities, each with home-rule authority to make decisions and policies concerning development without regard of their potential negative effects on neighboring towns, (Shutkin 2000) create an atmosphere of challenger and discordance. This unproductive circumstance is a product of human invention. For it is multiple ownership or administration within watersheds that present some major challenges for watershed management policy and planning (Satterlund and Adams 1992). Municipal boundaries do not account for broader natural boundaries. While it is true that a municipal boundary might coincide with a stream or ridge, municipalities generally overlook broader, more important delineations like watersheds.

Changes to the set context due to the system Essay

There forget obviously have to be some changes to how the cinema is run because of ICT and the system. The system will have to be maintained and it will also have to be prioritised oer other methods of advertising. The reason for this is because, this will soon probably become the close to efficient and most used method to find out positions about the cinema. This is going to change many things in the cinema. The cinema is going to hire people who can fight websites and know how ICT works and are voluntary t put in extra effort to improve and maintain their improvements to the system.It is identically that someone is going to loose their job because of the switch from so called analogue to technological devices. The unfermented posts will require candidates who have had experience with basic technical devices and know how things work. Therefore I believe that when coming to choose these new candidates we will soon realise the difference in job profiles and the different expe riences which the candidates will have. The switch to technological devices will most defiantly see new posts created and jobs lost, but this is for the advantage to some and the disadvantage to others.The new kind of devices which could be barge ind to the set context could be things like1. New tills2. Bar code readers3. Bar codes4. Printing machines5. New computer systems6. New programsThese are just a few of the things which might be changed because of the effectuate of ICT. The old people may not know how to operate the new devices, and it will probably be more worth while for the company to introduce a fresh face to the cinema with new stave who can carry out the tasks which the old were performing and also have the advantage over the old ones because of their knowledge on technical devices.The old mental faculty may be trus twainrthy and worthy of their job, so the cinema might decide to offering training to certain individuals. This is a possibility for the cinema if the y dont want to loose some of their employees. The cinema also has to think about the fact that training is more expensive then replacing the old staff with new staff. It would be easier to do this, but the cinema doesnt know how reliable the new staff may be. This could be an issue to think about. They might have all the knowledge but they might not be willing to work as hard of as efficiently as the old staff. This could affect business in a strong way.There are two possibilities1. Replacing the current staff2. Training the current staffThe system which I my self have created is a major fact to be considered in this decision on what to do with the staff. It is more then likely that new staff will have to be introduced to maintain the site or staff can be trained to do it.The current staff may have a small amount of experience with computers and different types of systems, but I believe that the new system which I have created for advertisement is alone different. The kind of thing s which have to be done to maintain and update the system is completely different to using the current system. The staff needs to learn how to use new programs and operate FTP programs.It is possible to offer new posts for certain jobs and to detainment some of the posts which are already at the cinema. The new posts could be offered to the people who can do things which others cant. For example, maintaining the system. The kind of jibs which can be kept would be selling tickets and refreshments. These are just a few of the changes which can be made. Training can be offered to those on the tills so that they can adjust to the new system.The reason why it is a good idea to keep some of the old staff and to get some new staff is because, if the majority of your staff are dismissed because they dont know how to use technical devices then there is going to be a certain amount of rage towards the cinema, and this could potentially ruin the name of the company.

Pansit Pansitan Research

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Early mobile go along sludges were made primarily for hospitals, restaurants and public facilities where regular f each(prenominal) in washing was required. The original molten ecstasys were thicker and required a particular type of pump dispenser to deliver the product. The dispensers were expensive in spite of the fact that they clogged easily and were in constant need of repair or replacement. This combination of problems kept liquified slimes out of the household for many years.Eventually, consumer demand for a home version of liquid max could non be ignored, nor could the additional qualities the customer wanted from the pocket be overlooked. Some wanted easy lay that would soften fades. Some wanted one and scarcely(a) that soothed irritated skin. Others wanted the bacteriacide qualities plunge in medical versions. This opened the floodgates for the wide variety of liquid hand soap products make up in the marketp lace today. Pansit- pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) is a herbal medicine alike known as Ulasiman- bato, olasiman- ihalas & tangon-tangon in the Philippines.Pansit- pansitan can be found wild on lightly shaded and check beas much(prenominal) as nooks, walls, yards and even roofs. Pansit- pansitan has heart shaped leaves, succulent stems with tiny f wiped out(p)ers on a spike. There has been a study that the mothanolic extract of the plant has anti microbial properties. The extract from Pansit- pansitan (Peperomia pellucida), the intensify showed momentous bacteriacide activity against 3 Gram- negatice bacteria (E coli, Staphylococcus aureus, S thyphi. )The researchers expect that the hand soap, using Pansit- pansitan extract as an active ingredient, will be more efficient and less expensive than the technical hand soaps. Statement of the Problem 1. Can Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap be as good as the technical-gradeised liquid hand soap in terms of 2. 1 summarize m isbegot zona of forbidding? 2. 2 responsiveness rating? 2. 3 appropriateory activity rating? 2. Is there a significant residual surrounded by Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial-grade liquid hand soap in terms of total mean zona of forbidding? . Is there a significant difference between the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of reactivity rating? 4. Is there a significant difference between the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of inhibitory activity? Hypotheses 1. Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap cannot be as good as the commercial liquid hand soap in terms of 1. 1 total mean zone of curtailment? 1. 2 reactivity rating? 1. 3 inhibitory activity rating? 2.There is no significant difference between the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of total mean zone of inhibition. 3. There is no significant difference between the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand s oap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of reactivity. 4. There is no significant difference between the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of inhibitory activity. Significance of the Study Hand is prone in bacteria and can be a vector in transmitting various pathogens that cause diseases.If the Pansit- pansitan hand soap will be effective in reducing bacteria whence this can benefit different people in many ways. One example are the manufacturers of liquid hand soap. Instead of using chemicals which are deleterious and hard to find, the manufacturer may have to use Pansit- pansitan extract as an additive ingredient for hand soap. The results of the study can be a indication for future researchers. Scope and Delimitations This study primarily focuses on the use of Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap as an alternative in commercial liquid hand soap.The new(prenominal) components of making the liquid hand soap including triethanolamine gel solution, fragrance oil, polykleer, will be bought at Swiss Fragrance, located at Blk 2 spell 1 April Extention Congressional Avenue, Quezon City. The researchers will be using 4 set-ups. The first 3 set-ups will be the experimental set-ups. They will be Set-ups A, B and C. Set-up A will contain 12. 5 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 2. 5 mL of triethanolamine, 3. 75 mL of gel solution, 1. 25 mL of fragrance oil, 3. 75 mL of polykleer and 1. 25 mL of water. Set-up B will contain 18. 75 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 1. 5 mL of triethanolamine, 1. 90 mL of gel solution, 0. 60 mL of fragrance oil, 1. 90 mL of polykleer and 0. 60 mL of water. Set-up C will contain 6. 50 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 3. 75 mL of triethanolamine, 5. 60mL of gel solution, 1. 90 mL of fragrance oil, 5. 60 mL of polykleer, 1. 90 mL of water, Set- up D will be the commercial liquid hand soap which will be the pick up free radical. only if the anti-bacterial property of the Pansit-pansitan hand soap in terms of Total Mean partition off of Inhibition, Reactivity evaluate and Inhibitory Activity Rating will be determined.To do this, all the samples will be submitted to the Department of Science and Technology-Taguig (DOST-Taguig) for laboratory analysis. To analyze the results, they will be subjected to t- turn up. This will identify if there is a significant difference among the set-ups. Definition of Terms 1. Inhibitory Activity- the ability of a substance to resist the penetration of microorganisms such as bacteria. 2. Reactivity Rating- It specifies the rate at which the liquid hand soap reacts with the staph aureus. 3. Total Mean Zone of Inhibition- the region that resists the entry of microorganisms such as staphylococcus aureus.CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND books Related Studies A study closely Pansit pansitan was conducted by the Department of Pharmacy, University of Bangladesh. In this study, Patuloside A (3-? -D-glucopyranosyloxy-1,5,6-trihydroxy-9H-xanthe ne-9-one) is a xanthone glycoside isolated from Peperomia pellucida using chromatographic techniques (TLC, PTLC, GC) and the structure was confirmed on the basis of spectral data (liquid chromatography/electrospray-mass spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR including JMOD, COSY, NOESY, HMBC, HSQC).In vitro antibacterial, antimycotic and cytotoxic activities of the compound were studied. Disc diffusion technique was employ to determine in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. Cytotoxicity was determined against brine shrimp nauplii. In addition, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using serial dilution technique to find out antibacterial potency. The compound showed significant antibacterial activity against four Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus ? haemolyticus) and six Gram-negative bacteria (Escheichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonus aeruginosa, Salmone lla typhi). The MIC assesss against these bacteria were ranged from 8 to 64 g/mL. The compound showed weak antifungal activities against Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. In cytotoxicity mark, LC50 of the compound against brine shrimp nauplii was 18. 24 g/mL. (Retrieved from http//astonjournals. com/lsmr at 300 pm on January 21, 2012. )This study aims to check the antibacterial activity of various branded soaps against bacteria that are normally present in the environment. The proposed study includes selection of closely common bacterial descriptors from the environment. Identification of bacterial strains was do by standard microbiological techniques, which include gram staining, biochemical testing and advanced identification by analytic profile index. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal activity of strains was performed by tube and micro titration manner. Antibacterial soaps showed develop MIC in similarity with beauty soaps. The most resistant bacterium to all the soaps is Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is obvious that antibacterial soaps have the antibacterial federal agents that can either kill or inhibit the bacterial cells. It superpower be possible that some bacterial strains become resistant which leads to their survival even at high concentrations of soaps. methyl red test, voges proskauer test, and nitrate reduction test following chesseborugh (Cheesbrough, 2001). For confirmation of gram negative bacteria, analytical profile index (biomereux) was performed according to manual instructions.The present study suggested that the choice of soap should be that which does not affect the facial tissues as well as effective against disease causing bacteria in a small amount. For the determination of MBC and MIC, soaps of daily use were employ Safeguard soap MBC is 250 mg/ml and its MIC was Safeguard is an antibacterial soap that has bactericidal observed at 125 mg/ml for Staphyl ococcus aureus. Safeguard is an antibacterial soap that has bacteric idalagents in it. For Pseudomonas aeroginosa (1) its MBC was at 500 mg/ml and MIC was at 250 mg/ml. If it is compared with the S. ureus it clearly showed that it was killed at high concentration of soaps. The MBC of safeguard soap against strain of P. aeroginosa strain 2 was observed at 250 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 25 mg/ml. For E. coli MBC was 125 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 62. 5 mg/ml. Safeguard soap was used against Klebsiella pneumonia its MBC at 500 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 250 mg/ml. The MBC of safeguard soap against this strain of Pseudomonas was observed at 250 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 125mg/ml . If it is compared with the first strain of P. eroginosa two prominent differences were observed which showed that strain was more sensitive than the first one. Dettol soap showed MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 125 mg/ml against S. aureus. These abide bys were compared to the values obtained from safeguard soap. These were almost agree to the values of safeguard. It faculty be estimated that the antibacterial activity of safeguard and dettol soap were almost the selfsame(prenominal) against this organism. Lifebuoy red (antibacterial) This soap showed its MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 125 mg/ml against S. aureus.The comparison of safeguard, lifebuoy and dettol soaps revealed the equivalence of MBC and MIC values. It was also estimated that the organism might be sensitive to the antibacterial-soaps. -Lifebuoy-(Red)-is-alsoan tibacterial soap, it showed its MBC against is Pseudomonas spp. At 350 mg/ml and MIC was seen at 175 mg/ml which much lower than safeguard and dettol soap. The antibacterial agents used in this soap showed more antibacterial activity in comparison with the above mentioned soaps. This soap showed its MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC at 150mg/ml or close to it.For Escherichia coli and Klebsiella, this soap showed its MBC at 50 0 mg/ml and MIC was seen at 250 mg/ml which is very high concentration of the soap. These bacterial spp. showed resistance to the soap at a very low concentration and were killed at very high concentration. Staphylococcus epidermidis was killed at 175 mg/ml that is very low concentration of soap and it showed its MIC at 87. 5 mg/ml, the antibacterial agent proved to be efficient against this bacterium notwithstanding this soap also killed former(a) bacteria like Enterobacter, B. ubtilis at 350 mg/ml and there was no apparent growth observed on the nutrient agar plate. lux is a beauty soap and was used against S. aureus to check its antibacterial activity. Lux contains Aloe vera which might have antibacterial activity. At 500 mg/ml, the Lux killed the bacterium tho concentration was high as compared to the antibacterial soap. The MBC was observed at 500 mg/ml and MIC of the soap was 250 mg/ml. This revealed that Lux soap also showed antibacterial activity but not as much, than the other(a) specific antibacterial soaps. It might also be possible that S. ureus was sensitive to the Lux soap. This soap showed its MBC at 700 mg/ml and it also showed its MIC at 350 mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis. This soap showed its MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC at 125 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeroginosa 1 that was almost equal to the Lifebuoy red, it might be possible that some natural ingredients such as extract of A. vera showed the antibacterial activity. The observation of Lux beauty soap revealed that these might posses germicidal activity. Palmolive beauty soap It is beauty soap and was used against S. aureus.Although this was not an antibacterial soap but it showed its MBC at 500 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 250 mg/ml. This showed Palmolive soap can kill bacteria. At 500 mg/ml the organism did not showed growth on the surface of the nutrient agar medium. This soap showed its MBC at 700 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 350 mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis this is equal or a lmost equal to the Lux beauty soap but it is very high in comparison to the Lifebuoy both red and white this might be possible that due to lack of specific antibacterial agent it did not showits MBC and MIC at low concentration.Lifebuoy white It also showed the MBC at 350 mg/ml and MIC at 175mg/ml against B. subtilis. These values were equal or almost equal to the Lifebuoy red soap and lower than theDettol and Safeguard soap at 350 mg/ml there was complete absence of bacterial growth on the agar plates and at 175 mg/ml there was no growth. After 24 h of incubation, few colonies were observed. The MBC of soap against E. coli was observed at 125 mg/ml and MIC was 62. 5 mg/ml that is very low concentration of soap. The E. coli showed sensibility for this antibacterial soap as it was killed at very low concentration.The antibacterial agent of Lifebuoy white soap might be efficient in kill the cells. For Pseudomonas and K. pneumoniae, the soap showed its MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC was o bserved at 125 mg/ml. As this soap showed the MBC at 250 mg/ml and at this concentration no growth of the bacteria was observed. So, the soap is efficient in killing the bacterium at this concentration. For K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp. and B. subtilis, theMBC was seen at 350 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 175 mg/ml. Lifebuoy showed its MBC for S. epidermidis at 700 mg/ml and MIC was seen at 350 mg/ml.The organism was isolated from human skin and found Gram positive but it was killed at 750 mg/ml concentration of soap that was very high. Retreived from http//www. academicjournals. org/AJB at 310 pm January 21, 2012. Studies have examined the purported benefits of antibacterial soap without clear consensus nearly the results. Some studies have concluded that simply washing thoroughly with plainsoapis sufficient to reduce bacteria and, further, is effective against viruses. Other studies have found that soaps containingantimicrobialactive ingredients remove more bacteria than simpl y washing with plain soap andwater. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration make reports that questions the use of antibacterial soap andhand sanitizerssaying that it found no medical studies that showed a link between a specific consumer antibacterial product and a decline in quality in infection rates. At oneconference, Dr. Stuart Levy, amicrobiologistatTufts University, cites these studies to compare antibacterial action withantibiotic resistance Dousing everything we touch with antibacterial soaps and taking antibiotic medications at the first sign of a cold can upset the natural balance ofmicroorganismsin and around us, leaving behind only the superbugs.It has since been shown that the laboratory method used by Dr. Levy was not effective in predicting bacterial resistance forbiocideslike triclosan. 5At least sevenpeer-reviewedand published studies have been conducted demonstrating that triclosan is not significantly associated with bacterial resistance over the short term, incl uding one study coauthored by Dr. Levy. Retrieved from The Dirt on uncase Antibacterial strap v. Regular Soap. CBC. ca. Retrieved 2011-03-30 Lucet, JC Rigaud MP, Mentre F, Kassis N, Deblangy C, Andremont A, Bouvet E (April 2002). Hand contamination before and after different hand hygiene techniques a randomized clinical tally. diary of Hospital Infection50(4) 276280. doi10. 1053/jhin. 2002. 1202. PMID12014900. Gibson, LL Rose JB, Haas CN, Gerba CP, Rusin PA (May 2002). Related Literature Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida Linn)is a common fleshy shallow rooted herb that grows to about 15 to 45 cm in height in damp and lightly shaded areas. Pansit-pansitan has been used as food item as well as a medicinal herb for its analgesic, anti-arthritic, diuretic activity.The entire plant is edible both cooked or raw. Pansit-pansitan plant can grow wild but also grown as ornamental foliage. Pansit-pansitan is characterized by its shiny heart shaped leaves about 4 cm in length, growing fr om an erect translucent commonality stalks. Pansit-pansitan has tiny dot-like flowers that grow from erect and slender green spikes that turn brown when matured. The fruits are also very small, round to oblong, ridged, first green later black. detailed seeds drop off that grows easily in mathematical groups.Antibacterial soapis any cleaning product to which active antibacterial ingredients have been added. These chemicals killbacteriaandmicrobes, but are no more effective at deactivatingvirusesthan any other kind of soap or detergent, and they also kill nonpathogenic bacteria. Most liquid hand and consistency soaps contain antibacterial chemicals. Triclosanis a common ingredient. Since there is a great variety of bacteria, effectiveness against any given type of bacterium does not go out that it is effective against unrelated types.These are generally only contained at preservative levels unless the product is marked antibacterial, antiseptic, or germicidal. Triclosan, Tricloca rban/Trichlorocarbamide and PCMX/Chloroxylenolare commonly used for antibacterial and deodorant effect in consumer products. Some soaps containtetrasodium EDTAwhich is achelatingagent that sequesters metals that the bacteria require in order to grow. Othermicrobesalso require metals and so it is actually an anti-microbial agent that is widely used even as apreservative.It appears to be fairly harmless in the environment. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Research Design The study employed the experimental/ comparative study design since its focus is on the comparison of the antibacterial property of Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap. Procedure give in 1. Set-ups and Proportion of Pansit- pansitan Extract and Other Components grouping Set-up Pansit-pansitan extract (mL) Other components (mL) Experimental A 12. 5 12. 5 B 18. 75 6. 25 C 6. 25 18. 75 Controlled D Controlled set- upThe researchers prepared 4 set-ups. Set-up A is produced by combining 12. 5 m L of pansit- pansitan extract, 2. 5 mL of triethanolamine, 3. 75 mL of gel solution, 1. 25 mL of fragrance oil, 3. 75 mL of polykleer and 1. 25 mL of water. Set-up B is a combination of 18. 75 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 1. 25 mL of triethanolamine, 1. 90 mL of gel solution, 0. 60 mL of fragrance oil, 1. 90 mL of polykleer, 0. 60 mL of water, Set-up C is prepared by com miscellanea 6. 50 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 3. 75 mL of triethanolamine, 5. 60mL of gel solution, 1. 0 mL of fragrance oil, 5. 60 mL of polykleer, 1. 90 mL of water, Set- up D was the commercial liquid hand soap which is assign as a controlled set-up. The researchers designed the formulations which designated the specific amounts of the extract and other ingredients to be added in a certain set-up. The researchers born-again the percentage to volumes. Set-up A had 50% Pansit-pansitan extract and 50% other liquid hand soap components. Set-up B had 75% is to 25% and Set-up C had 25% is to 75%. The Pansit-pa nsitan plant was pounded using the mortar and pestle.The pounded Pansit-pansitan plant was filtered using a piece of cloth which is sterilized first before using to get the extract. After that, the components of the liquid hand soap such as triethanolamine, gel solution, fragrance oil, and polykleer were mixed together in a beaker following the proportions found in table 1. The mixture were placed in a canister and then brought to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Taguig for the anti-bacterial testing. The laboratory test conducted was the Disc Agar Diffusion Method using the bacterial strain of Staphylococcus aureus.Data obtained were recorded accordingly for each set-up. Statistical Treatment The statistical treatment used in this study is t- test for total mean zone of inhibition and reactivity rating and Modal measure of central tendency for the inhibitory activity. The researchers used T- test because the data collected were classify as independent samples and u nder the normal distribution. The t- test will provide more accurate values. Since the inhibitory rating does not have an equivalent numerical value, the researchers used the Modal measure of central tendency.The researchers did not include the f-test for the experimental set-ups because the results from the laboratory testing showed that the three parameters have the same values. Gathering of materials from Metrobank Garden and Swiss Fragrance Partition a pansit- pansitan plant and Gathering the extract Application of safety precautions and Preparing of lab gowns, hair nets, and shoe socks Formulation of compositions in different set-ups (A and B) conceptualisation of laboratory apparatus and chemicals needed Measuring of the chemicals according to the designated amountsCombination all the ingredients together based on the formulation given Segregation of different Set-ups into different plastics, named A and B lick 1. Methodology and Process flow CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSI ONS Table 2. Comparison of the Experimental and Control Set-up in Terms of Total Mean Zone of Inhibition Group Set-up Component Ratio of each Set-up Average total mean zone of inhibition per set-up Average total mean zone per group Experimental A 5050 10mm 10 B 7525 10mm C 2575 10mm Control D control 11. 1mm 11. 71 As shown in Table 2, the total mean zone of inhibition (the region that resists the entry of microorganisms such as staphylococcus aureus) of the experimental set-up A, B and C is 10 mm while in the control set-up, the total mean zone of inhibition is 11. 71. Group Mean Standard Deviation t-value Experimental 10mm 0 -2. 09 Control 11. 71mm 0 Table 3. Summary of t-test for Total Mean Zone of Inhibition Table 3 displays the summary of t-test for total mean inhibition. Since the obtained t value of 2. 9 is greater than the t critical value of -2. 13 at 0. 01 level, this kernel that the null hypothesis must be rejected. This means that there is a significant differen ce between the experimental group and the control group. Table 4. Comparison of the Experimental and Control Set-up in Terms of Reactivity Set-up A B C Average Experimental 2 2 2 2 Control 2 2 2 2 Table 4 displays that all the set- ups including the experimental and control set- up are rated as 2 which verify that the zone of inhibition is limited under the specimen.Table 5. Summary of t-test for Reactivity Rating Group Mean Standard Deviation t-value Experimental 2 0 0 Control 2 0 Table 5 displays the summary of t-test for total mean inhibition. Since the obtained t value is 0, this means that the null hypothesis must be accepted. This means that there is no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. Table 6. Comparison of the Experimental and Control Set-up in Terms of Inhibitory Activity Set-up A B C Experimental +++ +++ +++ Control ++ ++ ++Table 6 prospects that the inhibitory activity rating for the experimental group is complete symbolized as (+++) and the inhibitory activity rating of the control group is partial (++). The median(a) zone of inhibition (the region where microorganisms such as bacteria cannot penetrate within) of control set-up is 11. 71. Since the inhibitory activity (the ability of substance to avoid the penetration of microorganisms such as bacteria with respect to a specific area) is partial (symbolized as ++) this implies that the bacteria cannot penetrate within the zone of inhibition.Even though the area of inhibition of control set-up is bigger in diameter, the rating for its inhibitory activity is only partial while in the experimental group is complete even if its zone of inhibition is smaller. Furthermore, the reactivity rating 2, verifies that the zone is limited under the specimen. all interpretations were based on the guidelines given by the laboratory Reactivity Rating (It specifies the rate at which the liquid hand soap reacts with the staphylococcus aureus. 0- None (No detectable zone around or under specimen) Slight (Some malformed or degenerated cells under the specimen) 2- loopy (Zone limited under the specimen) 3- Moderate (Zone extends 5 to 10 mm beyond specimen) 4- Severe ( Zone extends greater than 10 mm beyond specimen) Since all the replicates showed that the reactivity rating is 2, it means that the zone is limited under the specimen. Based on the United States Pharmacopoeia 30-NF 25, 2007 <87> Biological Reactivity Test the Inhibitory Activity Rating are classified as (+++) complete (++) partial (+) slight, and (-) negative.CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings After the experimentation and the analysis of the data, the researchers led to the following findings 1. The total mean zone of inhibition for the experimental group including Set-ups A, B and C is 10 millimeters. 2. The total mean zone of inhibition for Set-up D or the control set-up is 11. 71 millimeters. 3. All the set-ups including experimental and control group s have a reactivity rating of 2, which means that the zone is limited under the specimen. . The inhibitory rating for the experimental group is complete (+++) which means that it inhibited all the staphylococcus aureus within the zone of inhibition while the control set-up has partial (++) for it does not resist the entry of all the staphylococcus aureus within the zone of inhibition. 5. For the Total Mean Zone of Inhibition, the obtained t- value, -2. 09 is greater than t- critical value, -2. 13 at 0. 01 level. This means that the null hypothesis must be rejected.This means that there is a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. 6. For the Reactivity Rating, the obtained value is 0, this means that the null hypothesis must be accepted. This means that there is no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. Conclusions 1. Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap is somehow better than the technical liquid hand soap in t erms of total mean zone of inhibition and inhibitory activity and it is as good as the commercial liquid hand soap in terms of the Reactivity Rating. . There is a significant difference between the Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms total mean zone of inhibition therefore the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap is somehow better than the commercial hand soap in terms of the express parameter. 3. There is no significant difference between the Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of reactivity rating therefore the two liquid hand soaps is as good with each other in terms of the said parameter. 4.There is a significant difference between the Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of inhibitory activity therefore the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap is somehow better than the commercial hand soap in terms of the said parameter. 5. The variation of the amount of Pansit-pansitan extract showed no significant difference since the data gathered from the laboratory analysis in terms of Total mean zone of inhibition and Reactivity rating are of the same values which is 2 and 10 mm respectively. Recommendations Based on the conclusions, the researchers led to the following recommendation 1.Future researchers may consider other parameters aside from the total mean zone of inhibition, reactivity rating and inhibitory activity. 2. Try to consider other plants which can be found in the backyard . 3. Determine the shelf life of the home- made liquid hand soap so as the users will be aware of the expiration date. 4. The impost of other statistical methods of obtaining data such as surveys, which may in turn, help support the outcome of the whole study. The survey must be done without bias, and as much as possible with the least discrepancy, to make it authentic and credible. Appendix A COMPUTATIONS Table 7.Total Mean Zone of Inhibition (Experimental Group) XE(mm) XE (mm) (XE-XE)2 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 0 (XE-XE)2=0 Table 8. Total Mean Zone of Inhibition (Control Group) XC (mm) XC (mm) (XC-XC)2 11. 71 11. 71 0 11. 71 11. 71 0 11. 71 11. 71 0 (XC-XC)2=0 SDE= (XE-XE)2N-1 SDE= 03-1 SDE=0 General Formula for t-test t=XE-XCn1-1SDE2+(n2-1)SDC2nE+nC-21nE+1nC SDC= (XC-XC)2N-1 SDC=03-1 SDC=0 Since the t-computed value is greater that t-tabulated value which is -2. 13, we should reject the H0. Table 9. Reactivity Rating (Experimental Group) XE XE (XE-XE)2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 (XE-XE)2=0Table 10. Reactivity Rating (Control Group) XC XC (XC-XC)2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 (XC-XC)2=0 SDE= (XE-XE)2N-1 SDE= 03-1 SDE=0 SDC= (XC-XC)2N-1 SDC=03-1 SDC=0 t=XE-XCn1-1SDE2+(n2-1)SDC2nE+nC-21nE+1nC t=2-23-1(0)2+(3-1)(0)23+3-213+13 t=02+24(0. 81649658) t=0(0. 81649658) t= 0 Since the t-computed value is equal to zero, it shows that there is no significant difference between the reactivity of experimental and control group. Table 11. Inhibitory Activity A B C Experimental + ++ +++ +++ Control ++ ++ ++ Modal is the statistical treatment to be used in the inhibitory activity of the Set-ups.The data is nominal, therefore the most suitable test for it is modal. Modal is the class that has the highest value. Based on observation, the Experimental Set-ups A, B, & C have the highest rating, +++ which means that the inhibitory activity is complete. In connection to the results, there is a significant difference between the Experimental Set-ups and the Control Set-ups. Appendix B (Photos of the Experimental Procedures) Figure 2. The image shows how the researchers pounded the Pansit- pansitan plant using the mortar and pestle Figure 3. The image shows how the extract from the Pansit- pansitan plant was filter Figure 4.The image shows the residue of the Pansit- pansitan plant after the filtration Figure 5. The photo shows the manual mixing of the Pansit- pansitan extract and other components of liquid hand soap Figure 6. The photo shows the actual measurement of the gel solution Figure 7. The above photo shows the disc diffusion method done by the DOST laboratory Appendix C (Laboratory Results) BIBLIOGRAPHY http//www. academicjournals. org/AJB Life Sciences and Medicine Research, Volume 2010 LSMR- Isolation and Bioactivity of a Xanthone Glycoside from Peperomia pellucida , (January 21, 2012, 310 pm) The Dirt on Clean Antibacterial Soap v.Regular Soap. CBC. ca. Retrieved 2011-03-30 Lucet, JC Rigaud MP, Mentre F, Kassis N, Deblangy C, Andremont A, Bouvet E (April 2002). Hand contamination before and after different hand hygiene techniques a randomized clinical trial. ledger of Hospital Infection50(4) 276280. doi10. 1053/jhin. 2002. 1202. PMID12014900. Gibson, LL Rose JB, Haas CN, Gerba CP, Rusin PA (May 2002). Quantitative assessment of risk reduction from hand washing with antibacterial soaps. Journal of Applied Microbiology92 136S143S. doi10. 1046/j. 1365-2672. 92. 5s1. 17. x. PMID12000622 Retrieved 2012-01-21, 340 pm. ttp//www. medica lhealthguide. com/articles/pansitpansitan. htm. www. medicalhealthguide. com , (January 21, 2012, 325 pm) http//www. statsoft. com/textbook/basic-statistics/t-test for independent samples . Retrieved 2012-02-27, 900 pm. http//www. staff. vu. edu. au/mcaonline/units/statistics/statistics. html Retrieved 2012-02-27, 920 pm. mop up Persons * Department of Science and Technology (Standards and Testing Division) Mr. Marlon SA. Aguinaldo- Tel no. 837-20-71 to 82 local 2188, 2189 * Swiss Fragrance- Tel no. 927-59-74 * Ferissa B. Ablola- Tel no. 472-43-30

Dmitri Mendeleev Essay

I have chosen to write about Dmitri Mendeleev. What was Dmitri Mendeleev know for? Dmitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who developed the periodic variety of the elements. In his version of the periodic table, Mendeleev left gaps in places where he believed unknown elements would fit in and he predicted the likely properties of three of the potential elements. The proof of many another(prenominal) of his predictions within his lifetime brought fame to Mendeleev as the founder of the periodic law. So who was Dmitri Mendeleev? Mendeleev was born on February 8, 1834 in the village of Verkhnie Aremzyani, near Tobolsk in Siberia. Mendeleev is thought to be the youngest of 17 siblings.His father was a teacher of politics, philosophy, and fine arts. Unfortunately for the familys well being, his father became blind and lost his teaching position. His mother was forced to work and she restarted her familys abandoned glass factory. At the age of 13, later on the passing of his father and the destruction of his mothers factory by fire, Mendeleev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk. In 1849, the Mendeleev family relocated to Saint Petersburg, where Mendeleev entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. Sometime after Mendeleev graduated, he contracted tuberculosis, causing him to move to the Crimean Peninsula on the Federal coast by the Black Sea in 1855.While he was there he became a science master of the Simferopol gymnasium. ulterior he returned with full restored health to Saint Petersburg in 1857. Between 1859 and 1861, he worked on the capillarity of liquids and the workings of the spectroscope in Heidelberg. In late August 1861 he wrote his graduation book on the spectroscope. In April of 1862 Mendeleev became engaged to Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva, and they married on 27 April 1862 at Nikolaev Engineering Institutes church in Saint Petersburg. Mendeleev became a professor at the Saint Petersburg Technological Institute and Saint Petersburg State University in 1864 and 1865. After becoming a teacher, Mendeleev wrote the textbook, Principles of Chemistry. As he attempted to carve up the elements according to their chemical properties, he too noticed patterns that led him to postulate his periodic table. Mendeleev was also unaware of the earlier work on periodic tables loss on.In 1863 there were 56 known elements with a unused element being discovered at a rate of approximately one per year. Mendeleev make the following table, and by adding additional elements following this pattern, developed his extended version of the periodic table. In 1865 he became Doctor of Science for his dissertation on the combinations of water supply with alcohol. He achieved tenure in 1867, and a few years later by 1871 Mendeleev had transformed Saint Petersburg into an internationally recognized center for chemistry research. Later on in 1876, Mendeleev had become obsessed with Anna Ivanova Popova and began obsessed with her. In 1881 he proposed to her and threatened suicide if she refused to marry him. His divorce from Feozva Nikitichna Leshcheva was finalized one month after he had married Anna in early 1882. Even after the divorce, Mendeleev was technically a bigamist.His divorce and the surrounding controversy contributed to his failure to be admitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences. Mendeleev was widely honored by scientific organizations all over Europe, including the Copley Medal from the Royal Society of London he resigned from Saint Petersburg University in August of 1890. In 1893, he was appointed Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures. It was in this role that he was directed to formulate new state standards for the production of vodka. As a result of his work, new standards for vodka were introduced into Russian law and all vodka had to be produced at 40% alcohol by volume. Mendeleev also investigated the composition of petroleum, and helped to found the first oil refinery in Russia. In 1907, Mendeleev died at the age of 72 in Saint Petersburg from influenza. The crater Mendeleev on the Moon, as well as element number 101, the radioactive mendelevium, are named after him.ReferancesE.Babaev. February 20, 2012. http//www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html http//www.biography.com/people/dmitri-mendeleyev-9405465http//www.chemistry.co.nz/mendeleev.htmhttp//chemistry.about.com/od/famouschemists/p/mendeleevbio.htm http//www.famousscientists.org/dmitri-mendeleev/Reflection,I decided to write about Dmitri Mendeleev because I thought he sounded the most interesting. I also wanted to catch out more about him and his life. Chemistry is very entertaining to me and Mendeleev basically wrote the periodic table.

Planning And Decision Making Essay

Many organizations lack a better planning and decision make systems that usually leads to the kick downstairsure of thither operations, in this case planning refers to the overall integrated planning system within an organization which incorporates both strategical and corporate planning. An organization is a consciously coordinated social unit composed of two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals.Therefore corporate planning can only be achieved through with(predicate) focal point functions planning, which encompasses defining organization goals establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals and developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities, organizing, which is the determination of what tasks have to be done, who does them how the tasks are to be separateed? Who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made.Controlling, this involves monitoring the orga nizations performance, leading, which involves autobuss motivating subordinates, directing the activities to be done, selecting the most appropriate channels of communication and resolving any conflicts among the employees taking a look at Toyota Industries Corporation that was started in the category 1937 by Kiichirro Toyoda. It started off by manufacturing and selling automatic looms. Later on it extended by manufacturing automobiles including vehicles, car air conditioning compressors and engines.Toyota party is widely known all over the world as an automobile manufacturer. It proudly owns the title of the worlds largest automaker company. It is known to be the largest then followed by General Motors lodge. This company made sales worth 4. 72 million in the first half(a) of the year 2007. It truly made a profit of $ 15. 09 billion. This paper is carrying with an evaluation of the success that this confederation is having.This company is known to have production bases in Asia, Europe, Japan, India, China and North America. Toyoda, 2005) Orientation This company is reported to have a better management system that is referred to as the Toyota doing System which is made up of practices that are meant to organize the companys logistics and its production it is likewise found to encouraging a better communication between the company and its clients. military rating of Toyota companionship shows tremendous success in the year 2007. This has actually ended the reign of the world best selling trademark of General Motors.An evaluation of the success of Toyota Company shows that it has really expanded various markets worldwide. This has enabled it to reach a really wide scope of customers. Evaluation on the success of Toyota Company shows that it has really opened up so many outlets all over the world including Africa. This has helped customers to easily access Toyota products unlike before. That is why this Company is really enjoying the booming success. (Dr. Shoichiro 2006) Planning is very strategic in any organization.This is because it helps the organization to easily replace personnel who get out promotions or those who get transfers. This is because organizations nowa twenty-four hour periods carry out management development on all the leaders and managers in an organization. This helps an organization to have a pool of qualified personnel. It also helps an organization to carry out technological advancement. This is because the organizations personnel are qualified and quite updated in the current technology. (www. onesixsigma. com)Key ProcessesThe system was founded between the years 1948 and the year 1975 which at the moment referred to as yet in Time production it was regarded as a house like design through which most of its workers once they are recruited they first of all get trained first before they start working in the company this actually shows how committed Toyota is in implementing a good performance oriented workforce, in this case we describe that after an employee is trained and found to be successful then he is promoted with an ambition of meeting the expected company standards that are set.From the Toyota Production we dominate that the Managers can use this to identify the training goals. A manager ineluctably to review his employees skills and the areas that they need to improve. These needs in the managerial skills result help in making goals. To materialize out this, the manager needs to asses the workforce and through this he can know what they are able to do and what they cant do. Therefore the manager cannot just do this by himself. He needs assistance from some other people. They can assist in reviewing his performance. such(prenominal) people include the supervisors.These people can give invaluable information on the areas that need to be improved and give insight on the behaviors exhibited at work. During the planning the manager needs to consider the training progra ms that are being offered. The manager needs to carry out plan implementation. After that the manager needs to evaluate himself if he achieved his goals. The TPS also ensures that there is a minimal wastage of resources in the company, since the company regards wastage of resources as a result of de-motivation to its employees. Any organization that carries out management development usually experiences an increase in its productivity.When the personnel in an organization get skills in management there will be an increase in production. (www. onesixsigma. com) The founders of the Toyota production system had an ambition of eliminating the burdens which was referred to as the muri, also to curb the inconsistency referred to as the mura and the other reason for establishing the system is avoid wastage which was referred to as muda therefrom we find that the company using the system has therefore discovered on how to reduce factors leading to wastage in the production of the firm. (ww w. onesixsigma. com)This has led to a better decision making in the firm whereby the system defines that better results are invariably founded on the right process of production whereby the companies are always urged to come up with a continuous flow of communication in order to indicate the threats of the company, we also find that the company encourages the use of the pull system which is directed towards the avoidance of overproduction, the other way that will enable a company to achieve its goals is to have a levelised workload whereby the employees are allowed to work at a lower belt along in order to have better production results rather than working with a high speed to give poor results. In figure one, we find that the diagram has indicated that the company operates in two ways the Jidoka and the Just on Time processes whose goal is to enable a high forest production at a lower cost and within the shortest time limit. Here we find the company actually deals with the reduc tion of the cost of its products and also on the improvement of the character reference of its products.Research indicates that Toyota is in a position of producing one vehicle in every six seconds which results into a total of six million vehicles per year, we also find that the company does not employ people who are given the responsibility but the members themselves report to be disciplined in a manner that they always clean their own offices, this policy has been found to be successful in ensuring that the workers report to their working areas with aim of improving their productivity. Key Learnings Management development is very beneficial to organizations. Many organizations that have embraced this usually have efficient and effective personnel. This improves the productivity hence leading to financial gains. The managers are skilled and will deal with issues that can cause losses efficiently.Figure two below indicating the ways Toyota puts together it production process, the company is reported to be successful as a result of encouraging its employees to work together as a aggroup Whereby in terms of staffing, we find that the Toyota company actually employs more than 4,000 workers each day who are always provided with a number of two working shifts, in this company we find that the employees work in terms of teams, under which each team is made of a minimum of four to six employees, research also indicates that eight teams in the company make a whole group which is therefore provided with a team leader.Under the management in the organization we find that the company improves the performance of their workers through a better paying system which research indicates that every member in the team is paid at least ? 7,000 including this is inclusive of shift and overtime premium, they are also provided with a private healthcare. (www. onesixsigma. com) Where also find that there exist the policies of continuous improvement which is the company terms it as Kaizen action meetings which are regarded as circles of quality whereby the member staffs are relate in the improvement of the performance of the employees. This is well encouraged where the company is found to be offering Kaizen prizes after every six months. in the meetings a manager managing a team of twenty five groups is given an opportunity of deciding which group manager is the best after which all the managers in the company decides which group manager is the best to win the presentation.Then the two of the managers are given a chance to travel to Japan for a kaizen conference and give the romance about their performance. For all these reasons we find that this Kaizen is used a way of improving the employees performance in the Toyota company and therefore the other companies planning to be as successful as Toyota one needs to implement the same policy in his or her organization. (www. onesixsigma. com) When evaluating the success in this Company, one cant fail to notice t he improved marketing strategies that have been incorporated therein. The company carried out outsourcing of experts who carried out market research on the target customers of this nation.The Company was therefore in a position to strategize so that it could overthrow the previous automobile manufacturer-General Motors. Marketing strategies were put in place to target the affluent customers all over the world. This vie a overlarge role in the success of Toyota Company. These marketing strategies included participating in sports. Toyota Company vehicles were used in motor spots and this actually marketed the vehicles. The Super 2000 Corolla and Peugeot were won in motors spots that were carried out late in the year 2007. (Toyoda, 2005) Toyota Company has had various acquisitions which influenced its success. It acquired 8. 7% of Fuji Industries.This Company is the manufacturer of Subaru vehicles. Toyota Company also acquired 5. 9% of Isuzu Motors. These strategies highly influenced the success of Toyota Company in the year 2007. This made Toyota Company to overtake General Motors. Toyota Company really strategized and incorporated naked as a jaybird technologies in its manufacturing system. These technologies include an advanced parking guidance system and automatic power buttons. This resulted in the manufacture of interbreeding gas-electric vehicle. This was produced in very large numbers. This hybrid gas-electric vehicle is sold at one million all over the world. This played a big role in the entire success of Toyota Company. (Dr. Shoichiro 2006)Evaluation of the success of Toyota Company shows that one of the factors that influenced its overall success in the year 2007 is branding. This company manufactures a wide variety of brands. This gives customers a wide variety of vehicles to rent from this Company. These brands include Lexus GS, Toyota Camry, Toyota 4Runner, Toyota Tundra, Toyota Land Cruiser, Toyota Prius etc. This has also played a big role i n the success of Toyota Company. Surveys carried out on Toyota Company products show a great improvement on the quality of its products. This influenced the general success of this Company until it overtook the previous world leader- General Motors Company.It brands are actually preferred by customers because of quality and durability. Toyota produced Lexus and Scion automobiles which ranked top in reliability and quality surveys. They also ranked best according to various consumer reports. correspond to the annual report of Toyota Company 2007, there was much incorporation of team work which greatly influenced the success of Toyota Company. This Company has a large market share in United States and Asia. (Wooly, 2006) Conclusion According to the annual report in Toyota Company, approximately 4. 72 million vehicles were sold by the first half of the year 2007. This ended seventy six year reign of General Motors Company.Evaluation of the success of Toyota Companys success in the yea r 2007 shows that this company incorporated various strategies that played a big role in its success. These included outsourcing of experts, incorporation of new marketing strategies and opening up of very many outlets all over the world. Branding aspect in this Company was well used by the marketing experts and this is how Toyota Company managed to overthrow the previous world leading manufacturer General Motors Company. The market share for Toyota Company in United States of America is enviable. This Company currently has the challenge of maintaining its leadership role in the automobile industry.

Literature and Culture Essay

I. Literature General Introduction Literature is my Utopia. Here I am non disenfranchised. No barrier of the wizs shuts me out from the sweet, sympathetic discourses of my book friends. They talk to me without embarrassment or awkwardness (Helen Keller) Keller could non harbour been more correct in this insight just astir(predicate) writings, and scarcely would any iodin who has had a life meter with the written backchat raise any issue about its faultlessness.Man with his complex, often unfathom adapted and unp departureictable thoughts, feelings and actions, and many terms restrained by neighborly norms from openly exposing what he has inside him, considers literature as a socially acceptable vehicle for unrestrained ego- presention. Literature is life. It is a mirror of mans desires and aspirations, his ambitions and accomplishments, his fears and anxiety, his joyful and fulfilling moments. Through it, he records his experiences of triumphs and d give birthfalls, laughter and anguish, de marginination and indecisionfrom things phenomenal to matters mundane.It is only through literature that the human pass is able to successfully take place all material barriers to reveal its essence which constitutes the isness of mans being. Literature, then, is the totality of humanity. The famous French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre succinctly said it all in the following caudex If literature is not e trulything, its not worth a single hour of more or lessones trouble (http//www. brainyquote. com/quotes/keyword/literature. html). What is Literature? ? So broad and obscure is the extent and scope of literature that putting up a definition for it is al around like limiting its parameters.However, for academic purposes, it allow be relevant to excuse what the concept encompasses. ? On a general perspective, anything that is written is classified as literature. ? On a stricter sense, however, and across cultures and ages, literature is associated with a numbers, or a legend article, or a stage play, a book or a classroom lesson. ? Literature, as the body of written industrial plant of a language, period or culture, and produced by scholars and researchers, reminds us of stories, epics, sacred scriptures and classical works of the ancient and modern times.Literary works argon portrayals of the thinking patterns and social norms prevalent in society. virtuous literary works serve as a food for thought, imagination and creativity. ? A literary article should interest, entertain, stimulate, broaden the imagination and experience, or ennoble the indorser (Roberts 2). It springs as an idea from the need of its creator to get across a thought or feeling. The writer starts from an experience or set of experiences, real or imagined, which he thinks he needs to sh are with his public.Working on his creative tablet, he recreates the facts to reflect true-to-life happenings, or invents incidents, places, and characters and puts thoughts i nto the latters minds and words in their mouths. Or he may decide to compress an some separatewise long factual or imagined story in a few metered or rhythmic lines. The result is an original text that satisfies its creators purpose a literary article, an chimerical literature. ? Kirszner & Mandell explain that the word literature immediately stirs in the mind the concept of imaginative literature (1).Imaginative Literature is one which temporarily transports the endorser to a different world, away from the physical and frantic realities of his existence, w present he could be free to view the world with his own eyes and heart. Imaginative literature is not confined to print. A substantial number of orally transmitted imaginative literatures have set the traditions in their respective genres and have remained among the most respectable pieces in the literatures of the world. Why should we value literature? Literature that is imaginative preserve have furthest-r separatelying effects on the reader (Kirzner & Mandell 2-3).?The characters, scenes, images, powerful language, and conservatively and masterfully developed plot can delight the reader and offer him an ephemeral escape from the stiffness, boredom, correct out cruelty of the world around him. ? It can transport the reader out of the limits of his time and space, and get him into seeing another possible phase of life. Meaningful insights can be drawn from wholesome literary texts. ? It can bring him to a level where he is able to see his life more objectively, up polish and personalised.This is because literature reveals truths about humanity. More than a mere description of people and what they do, literature brings the reader to a slice of virtual life in which he (the reader) consciously experiences his humanity. This is an added value of literature. ? It is an boulevard for him to view and understand his own experiences and those of others. Reflecting can make him more sensitive to the ne eds of others and his own. Literature, then, can serve as a value guide as closely as a will to an analysis of value and cores about the realities in life.? Imaginative literature is founded on factshistory, beautiful science, psychology, sociology, anthropology, mathematics, and other branches of sockledge. The information load it carries can be another added value to the reader. Similarly, literature that is imaginative has marked values for the writer (Krizner & Mandell 3). ? It is a creative avenue for self-expression. A writer can unravel the ill-effects of cultural patterns and norms, and can suggest ways to remedy a stinking system through the characters of his short story, novel, or play, or the persona in numbers.Also, he reveals his individuality and uniqueness as a writer in the way he manipulates the elements of his genrecharacter, setting, language, format, and style. ? It is an expression of car park cultural values. A writer has his own mind about a paradox o r issue, but that thought is m hoaryed by the collective sentiment, aspiration, philosophy, value, even fears of the community or cultural group he belongs to. Literature provides opportunities for the transport of these ethnic or cultural thoughts, feelings, and biases to peoples across cultural borders.It is in this way that literature can stand as the conscience and consciousness of the community which created it. Literary genres and Culture Traditions in literature include classifying works into literary types or genres. Genre miscellanea can have several(prenominal) advantages (web. nchu. edu. tw/chtung/1986. doc. 2-6). ? It can bring about an order or a system in the handling of literary texts and, in effect, facilitates choice of materials akin to ones interests, which can result in greater understanding and appreciation.For example, a reader who has an ear for musicality and rhythm will pick up a poetical text more likely than he would a book of fiction. ? It has resulted in the authorship of standards for each genre. With the aid of these writing standards, literary creators are able to craft their works more systematically. Thoughtfully going over the standards for a dramatic event will aptly arm a novice writer to focus on what the audience will look for in a play. Conversely, a critic who is beaten(prenominal) with genre standards will know hardly what to look for in a literary work.?The existence of genre classification is one avenue that can lead to the meeting of minds between the reader and the writer. When the brain has identified beforehand what it is looking for in a text (schemata-text matching through knowledge of specific genre), comprehension of the text will be less stressful, less threatening and more enjoyable. Culture-based Literary Traditions 1. Genre Classifications. The presence of traditional and universally recognized genres does not dictate the uniformity of genre classifications and the standards for each genre.Not all genre classifications are present in all places, and not all places observe the same standards for each classification. Every culture has its own genre, owing to the variations in the experiences and aspirations of the people in each culture. For example ? The sonnet which is common in western traditions is not well known in chinaware or among the Arab nations ( Kirszner & Mandell 2). ?The kabuki play of Japan has as yet no counterpart in western countries (Kirszner & Mandell 2). ? We still have to see a counterpart of the Philippine pasyon in other literary traditions.2. Narrative organization conventions. The standards on the presentation of events in a plot can vary from culture to culture specifically with orally transmitted literature (Kirszner & Mandell 2). For example ? Some native American and African stories dating to the early stage of cultural schooling are consistent spatially, not chronologically as is the tradition in almost all cultures. All incidents that took pl ace in one setting are narrated, then the record moves to focus on all the incidents in another setting, and so on until all the events are completely retold.Even character development is not abandoned as much focus in some traditional African and Native American stories as it is in present-day fiction (Kirszner & Mandell 3). 3. Character development. contemporary fiction puts much emphasis on the identity and the development of character. This is not so in some traditional African and Native American stories. Kirszner & Mandell recite that in some of these recitals, characters are sometimes not named and can even switch roles towards the end of the story (3). Genre Classifications and TimeEarlier literary works were grouped more generally than those in the present. Contemporary literature is lumped into four big groupsprose fiction, poetry, nonfiction prose, and drama (Roberts 3) while earlier traditions recognized three groups fiction, non-fiction and poetry. The drama in its traditional form used verse, which explains why it was categorized as poetry. Although not markedly divergent from the present literary groupings, the old genre classification reflects those which societies then considered to be what mattered most. The Genres of LiteratureCritics could not seem to agree on one best way literary writings should be grouped however, most authorities name four categories for classifying literature (Roberts 3). 1. Narrative fiction or prose fiction. This is the literary type which foremost comes to mind when the word fiction is mentioned. Narration, or retelling previous(prenominal) events, is what makes fiction what it is. ? Narrative fiction gives an account of a series of events, factual or imagined but mostly imagined.?One character, the protagonist, or a few characters is/are at the center of theseevents, causing them to happen and or causing him to be transformed. ? He is confronted with a problem, the solution of which is his primary concern, an d the action he takes towards its resolution is the source for his transformation. He may or may not overcome the problem. ?Some events in fictional narratives are drawn from historical incidents but fictionalized through stir of names, places, and time, and a slight tweak in the plot. ? Through narrative fiction, the author is able to express his thoughts about a problem or issue, and/or is able to entertain.Classifications of Narrative Fiction a. Myth. This prose fiction, which punctuates the literary beginnings of practically every cultural group, is a story centered on how the gods related to humanshow certain places, beings, and places came to be, how the gods biases made some peoples lives fulfilling and rendered others lives miserable, how conflicts among the mortals affected the gods or vice versa. Myths can in like manner be about struggles among cultural heroes, each one representing the time-established beliefs of a particular cultural group. b. Parable.This is a shor t narrative about some ordinary experiences of a group of people and is meant to connect to the teaching of a certain moral, or the power hammer home of a philosophical, social, religious, or semipolitical teaching. The Jewish tradition best exemplifies the use of parables. c. Romance. This refers to lengthy Spanish and French stories of the 16th and 17th centuries, especially about the adventures and ordeals of the royalty and the members of their court. It can also refer to modern formulaic stories describing the growth of an impulsive, clayey and powerful love relationship.d. Short story. Owing to its comparative brevity, this is the most normal type of narrative fiction. The plot may revolve around one or two main characters facing a difficulty. There are spirited as well as low points in their lives but, almost always, each ones life will not go back to exactly the same point where it began. Because of the little space dictated by the shortened form of the text, interactio ns and relationships resulting in changes in character, no matter how subtle, are described briefly. e. Novel. This is a short story in extended form.Length being its advantage over the short story, the novel permits the full and sometimes exhaustive development of the interactions that lead to changes in some characters disposition, thoughts, feelings, or aspirations (Roberts 5). 2. Poetry. A verse is a literary form that expresses a monologue or a conversation grounded on the most deeply felt experiences of human beings (Kirszner & Mandell 522). ? It is acclaimed as the oldest and the most popular among the literary forms. ? It is the most variable in length, running from a few syllables, as in the Japanese haiku, to hundreds of stanzas, as in the epic.?The language is compressed in a few lines or verses arranged in conformity with the principles of form, rhythm, and sometimes meter and rhyme. ? It has a rich imagery and suggestive forms of expression, do it the most puzzling an d, in that locationfore, the most open to multiple interpretations. These qualities make poetry unique (Roberts 5). ? Among earlier cultures, for example, Greek and Roman, poetry served as a vehicle for the expression of the spiritual and the philosophical. With the passing of time, poetry has gained an added valuethat of expressing the most profound ideas and the deepest emotions of humanity.Across the cultures of the present, poetry remains to inspire, to delight, and to serve as a vehicle for the concerns of the heart (Kirszner & Mandell 522). Classifications of Poetry f. Narrative poetry. This is a story in verse, of which there are two familiar forms i. Epic. Apparently the more familiar of the two, an epic is a narrative account in verse of the accomplishments of a heroic figure, a folk hero who exhibits marvelous physical powers and superhuman dispositions, of gods, and other supernatural entities.The account covers a wide expanse of time and place, and reflects the cultura l characteristics of the people who wrote it. Although some epics are credited to particular authors, others are ascribed to their countries or cultures of origin. This is because epics of old were handed down orally, in plain verse or in song, and, as a result, grew and developed as they passed from one generation to the next, eventually mirroring the phylogenesis of the peoples traditions and norms. Of worldwide renown are The Iliad of Homer, The Aeneid of Virgil, Beowulf of the Anglo-Saxons, and Mahabharata of the Hindus.ii. Ballad. Like the epic, the ballad traces its origin to oral tradition. Originally intended to be sung, this narrative poem carries one outstanding characteristicits use of repetition of words and phrases, including a refrain. g. Lyric Poetry. This poem does not attempt to tell a story. Possessing a very personal and subjective nature, it conveys the speakers feelings, biases and aspirations, state of mind, and perceptions in a melodious mood. Lyric poetry su b-types include the following (Kirzsner & Mandell 525-526) iii. Ode.This is a long lyric poem which is, generally, on a serious subject, such as an important concept (for example, freedom), person, or any other entity in nature (for example, the sun) and with a formal poetic diction and meditative mood. The poem centers on the speakers observations about the subject and usually winds up with an effort towards shedding light on an emotional problem. Owing to its Greek origin, it is often intended to be recited or sung by two choruses. iv. Elegy. This lyric sub-type is meant to mourn the passing of a specific person.As such, it is characterized by a melancholy and plaintive mood and an ending that offers consolation. It may also reflect what the author considers to be mysterious, uncertain, or strange. v. Pastoral. In contrast to the elegy, the outlandish has a light, happy, even romantic mood as it celebrates the simplicity and idyll of country life. vi. Occasional poem. This poem i s meant for a particular event, for example, a wedding, the installation of a prominent church leader, the putting up of a landmark, or a presidents inaugural. vii.Poems on everyday activities. Poems are sometimes written to express the writers feelings or describe his experiences about day-to-day events, for example, going about the daily chores, herding the animals back to their corral, or riding the trolley. viii. Aubade. This poetic form is specifically written to celebrate or lament the coming of a new day, specifically the arrival of morning. Dawn is often welcomed with joy and hope, but it can also bring despair to a persona who sees it as a signal to leave his lover. ix. Meditation.An ordinary object can be used as a vehicle to consider important, more serious issues. A poem that is focused on this is called meditation. Kriszner and Mandell cite Edmund Wallers Go, Lovely Rose as an example (526) in which the speaker tells the rose meant to be delivered to his lady love his m essage for the lady. Far more important than his words of adoration is his advice for the lady not to waste the invite and time bestowed upon her since time flies and beauty fades in no time. x. Dramatic monologue. In this poem, the speaker addresses one or more listeners who is/are absent.In the process, the speaker unravels the dramatic aspect of the situation and reveals his psychological and emotional side of the issue at hand, which is usually less interesting than how he (the speaker) treats it. Some authors use the term dramatic lyric. xi. Some authors classify the epigram, a verse in two to four lines with characteristic wit and sarcasm, under lyric poetry Cited as a classic example is Alexander Popes On the Collar of a Dog (voices. yahoo. com) which runs in two lines. In most cases, however, an epigram is not a stand-alone piece but forms part of a longer poetic composition. xii.Other cultures have their own types of lyric poems, e. g. , ghazal in Urdu, and rondeau in Fren ch. h. Satirical Poetry. As far back as the days of the Roman empire, poetry was already used as a powerful vehicle for political purposes. This tradition continues to these days. Many who are disgruntled with any system or structure choose to amplify their bitterness and discontent artistically through carefully crafted satirical poems. Poetry can have several forms. i. Sonnet. It comes in 14 lines arranged in three quatrains and a couplet Shakespearean or English or an musical octave and a sestet Petrarchan or Italian.The iambic pentameter is generally used in sonnets. ii. Cinquian. It has five short lines with the following pattern line 1 one word or 2 syllables line 2 2 words or 4 syllables 3 words or 6 syllables 4 words or 8 syllables 1 word or 2 syllables. iii. Haiku. This is a verse of Japanese origin consisting of three unrhymed lines of 5 7 5 morae (quantity of time equivalent to a short syllable). A traditional haiku carries a word pertaining to the seasons and a cutti ng word, called kireji, used at the end of one of the three lines.Incidentally, there is no English equivalent of the cutting word concept (www. poemofquotes. com/haiku). iv. Tanka. Like the haiku, tanka is a Japanese verse but consists of five lines. The first and third lines discharge five syllables each while the rest of the lines have seven syllables each. v. Concrete poem. This poem uses typographythe appearance of the printed textto enhance its message. Thus, visual elements such as punctuation marks, symbols, and arrangement of words on the printed page, or the operate of the poem, are elemental in driving home the writers message.A poem about the magical sounds of a bell is shaped like a flower, while one that has nature as subject may take the shape of a tree or a bird. Visual poems, pattern poems, and size poems are examples of concrete poems (www. poemsofquotes. com/articles/concrete-poetry. php). vi. Blank verse. This type of verse uses unrhymed iambic pentameter. vii. innocent(p) verse. Unlike the blank verse, this type of verse may be rhymed or unrhymed but does not observe a fixed meter. 3. Drama.This literary genre is meant to be presented on stage. Actors portray the events in the story as though these were happening in thepresent. Like narrative fiction, there is a problem around which all action revolves. At the center maybe a single character or a small number of characters who carry the consignment of resolving the conflict and on whose actions and thoughts the attention of the audience is largely focused.The protagonist may overcome the problem or may be overcome by it. Unlike in a narrative fiction, the audience in a drama are able to actually witness the fictional events as they happen, fashioning the experience direct and closer to life than in narrative fiction. i. Tragedy.Often associated with the bizarre and the disastrous, and in keeping with Greek tradition, this type of drama is focused on treating serious subjects and invol ving persons of significance (Kirszner & Mandell 917, citing Aristotles Poetics). ? At the center of the drama is a character, the protagonist, who is noble, respected, perfect from almost all angles, except for one flaw which is not clear at the start but which will later manifest to a very crucial point that will suffice to cause his downfall. ? A very important lesson is conveyed heremans condition in life is one ofnobility. ?The purpose of the play is to bring the audience to an experience of pity for the central character as he wrestles with the trials in his life and with experiences of fear of going through the same situation. ? The audience is expected to leave the theater with the resolution to not follow the tragic path which the central character of the play took. j. Comedy. This type of drama sits on the other end of the spectrum. It is designed to treat themes and characters with humor and typically has a happy ending (Kirszner & Mandell 917).? The main character is an ordinary individual whose life is open to the public, and whom the public knows to be carrying a mask of his true self all along. ? The comedy is meant to take away that mask from the protagonist and to reveal to the audience his simplicity and foolishness, his lack of understanding of things, his being selfish, hypocritical, vain, weak, irrational, and capability for self-delusion (Kirszner & Mandell 917). ? Ironically, it is the comedy that brings frolic and laughter to the audience who, unknowingly, is the subject of criticism of the action in theplay. k.Farce. This is a humorous play. But unlike the comedy, the plot does not depend on the development of a character but on a situation that is exploited ingeniously. The term can speak for itself. 4. Nonfiction Prose. Any literary form not falling under any of the categories just mentioned is classified as nonfiction prose. This group consists of a wide array of fact-based and fact-oriented written materials presenting judgments and opinions and which are created mainly as sources of information.News reports, feature articles, essays, editorials, textbooks, and biographical and historical works fall under this category. Recently, there has been a marked increase in the interest for biographical and historical works, a good number of which have fuck off bestsellers. Many schools have shifted to biographical and historical novels for required student readings. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. The statements that follow are back up by the front discussions except one. Find that sentence. l. Literature is a potent vehicle to convey a personal longing. m.The most extreme of human experiences are the only ones considered as worthy literary materials. n. Mans freedom of self-expression can be best exemplified by the almost limitless breadth of possibilities in literature. o. Reading a literary text is experiencing the writers unspoken regret or praise. 2. Find the sentence which is not supported by the foregoing discussions . a. Defining literature is not always necessary. b. Imaginative literature can be a rich source of lessons about living life. c. A well written literary text can cause a change in a persons disposition.d. Written literature has always been the break dance tradition. 3. Which of the following statements best paraphrases the opening quote? a. Literature is the source of Helen Kellers highest point of contentment. b. Keller and her friends read literature a lot and find much meaning from it. c. Being blind and deaf, Keller finds literature reading as the best pastime. d. Kellers friends love to hear her share with them what she has read and what she thinks about them.4. Imaginative literature differs from other literary forms in the following ways except one. e.Imaginative literature builds on a writers personal experience and shares it factually with the reader. f. Mundane and extraordinary human experiences are vividly recreated and accented with some of the writers imaginative tho ughts. g. Imaginative literature is everything that transports the reader to a different world, stimulates his creative mind, and appeals to his sense of values. h.Mans most profound thoughts and feelings are expressed in symbols and images. 5. Which three (3) statements are not supported by the discussions on the value of literature? i. Every literary text has its own place in the arena of values.j.Longer texts, such as the novel and the drama, have a more profound reader-impact than shorter ones, such as proverbs and haikus. k. One of the added values of literature is that it requires interpretation and analysis of meaning. l. Literature has to be historical for it to be prized. m. A song expressing a prisoners longing for immediate freedom is an ethnicity-inspired literary piece. 6. C. S. Lewis is quoted to have said Literature enriches the necessary competencies that daily life requires and provides and in this respect, it irrigates the desert that our lives have already become. This quote supports the idea that n. Basically, literature is based on world knowledge. o. Literature brings entertainment to its audience. p. Available in every literary text are several insights about meaningful living. q. Literature enables the reader to grasp the meaning of his experiences and those of the people around him. 7. Which of the following statements is not true about poetry? r. It dates back to the earliest years of mans literary experience. s. It is strictly metered, rhymed, and rhythmical. t.It can trance the most profound and the most ordinary human experience in a few words. u. The poets message is cloaked in rich symbols and other forms of evocative expressions. 8. Although sometimes classified as poetry, romance is proprietarily a type of narrative fiction _____ v. owing to its length. w. because it is basically intended to give an account of past incidents in story format. x. since it is situated at a definite past time and space. y. because it is about adv enture. 9. The following is an English translation of a Bilaan poem attributed to pre-colonial times.Bilaan is a tribal group of southern Mindanao, which is the second biggest island in the Philippines and is situated in the southernmost part of the archipelago. The early people were renowned hunters and food gatherers (blog. travelpod. com/travel-blog-entries/aliawan/1/1262268183/tpod. html). The language of the people is also called Bilaan. ) Read the poem carefully to be able to assist the question below. LAMGE What can we do? Oh, what can we do? This is our work, this we should do. Oh my, how, oh how is this to go on? Continue, then come back when you reach the top. Tis not there Tis not here they said. Well try till we can make it. Its not here, according to them, but dont relax Dont be surprised. Theyre still far. Lets hurry (Lumbera & Lumbera 11) What sub-type of poetry is Lamge? a. a poem on everyday activities. b. occasional poem. c. pastoral d. meditation 10. Which of th e following work values were prized by the early Bilaans as evidenced by the poem LAMGE? z. creativity and leisure . individual recognition and prestige . collaboration and achievement . autonomy and remuneration 11. Study the following excerpts then identify that which is not taken from imaginative literature.. EDSA (the name of the highway in Metro manilla paper that runs north to south from Caloocan to Baclaran) has become the popular designation of the revolt which began as a military mutiny on February 21 1986 and developed into a popular uprising in Manila that culminated in the flight of the dictator and his family to Hawaii, U. S. A. on February 24, 1986. The revolt established the presidency of Corazon Aquino which was marked by the restoration of pre-Martial Law society (Lumbera & Lumbera 364). . It was raining the morning of the execution. I remember how brackish and crimson was the sky.God has sliced open the sun, spilling its innards, carving out its heart. That sun h ad never seemed the same to me ever since. The cold air scraped the insides of my lungs and chilled my nape. It was the first dawn I had awakened to. The first time to witness the pained violent birthing of light (Lumbera & Lumbera 377). . And so we talk/ our words trying to capture/pain caroming/like the balls of ivory/ Our voices rise/and fall/ as we sit in a circle/ racing our other lives/ the beginnings/ of love/ rich and red/ as the felt on the board (Lumbera & Lumbera 422).Matumal ang pasada nang buong umagang iyon at naipasiya kong igarahe muna sa bahay and minamanehong taksi kesa magsayang ng gasolina. Pababa na ako nang sa paglingon koy nasulyapan ko ang clutch bag na iyon sa may paanan ng likurang-upuan. Kinabahan ako at patawarin ako ng mga anak kong gusto kong lumaking matitino, lumabo sabi nga ang tingin ko sa tamat mali, sa masamat mabuti. Paano kung limpak-limpak na pera ang laman ng clutch bag?Kung bara-barang ginto o alahas kaya? Isosoli ko pa ba? Managot kaya ako k ung saka-sakali? (Lumbera & Lumbera 422). (The trips were far between the whole morning and I decided totemporarily drive home the cab rather than keep going through the streets and waste gas.I was about to get down when in a glance I noticed that clutch bag at the foot of the backseat. I began to feel restless and my children whom I wanted to grow responsible may they forgive me, my sense of right and wrong, good and bad, blurred. What if the clutch bag contained stacks of money? What if it had bars of gold, or jewelry? get out I return it? Will I answer for my action just in case? ) 12. Choose the excerpt that is taken from imaginative literature. . Home making is really border making it is about deciding who is in as well as who is out.I began this project on Filipino Americans in San Diego at the borderthe U. S. -Mexico border. Since the mid-1970s, the militarization of the U. S. -Mexico border region has intensified. From San Diego to the Rio Grande Valley, armed U. S. federa l agents patrol key border points to block illegal crossersto keep them from invading our homes. Since 1994, Operation Gatekeeper, a high-profile blockade-style operation, has turned the San Diego-Tijuana border region into a war zone, pushing immigrants to attempt more treacherous crossings in the forbidding mountains and deserts east of San Diego (Espiritu 205-206).In the biography of human adversity, there is etched a cancer, of a breed so malignant that the least contact exacerbates it and stirs in it the sharpest of pains. And thus, many times amidst modern cultures I have wanted to evoke you, sometimes for memories of you to keep me company, other times, to compare you with other nationsmany times your beloved image appears to me afflicted with a social cancer of similar malignancy (Rizal, Dedication of Noli Me Tangere).